Antarctica is best known as the barren southernmost continent, home to glistening glaciers and snow-packed peaks that never seem to melt. But despite being surrounded by an endless supply of frozen water, the coldest continent on Earth is also one of the driest — so dry, in fact, it’s technically considered a desert.
Although the parched landscapes of Death Valley or the Sahara may spring to mind when we visualize a desert, the ecosystem classification has more to do with precipitation than temperature. True deserts typically receive less than 9.8 inches of rainfall per year. Antarctica, which averages just 2 inches of annual precipitation, meets this definition; at 5.5 million square miles, it reigns as the world’s largest and coldest desert. In comparison, Africa’s Sahara desert — the world’s largest hot desert — spans just 3.6 million square miles; its dusty sand dunes receive about an inch more rainfall than Antarctica does per year.
You can explore Antarctica as a tourist, but owning a chunk of land on the southernmost continent is impossible. The Antarctic Treaty, signed by 56 countries since 1959, bans ownership of the landmass, and requires it to be used only for “peaceful purposes.”
Antarctica’s harsh climate doesn’t equally share its annual allotment of rain, and some areas are practically devoid of showers. The McMurdo Dry Valleys, a snow-free region located west of the McMurdo Sound, are considered one of the driest places on Earth. Some researchers believe the flat-topped hills haven’t seen measurable precipitation or flowing water in 14 million years — an extreme drought that’s unlikely to end any time soon thanks to the placement of nearby mountains, freezing temperatures, and unforgivingly strong winds that can reach up to 200 miles per hour.
Scientists estimate that 70% of Earth’s fresh water can be found in Antarctica.
Advertisement
Antarctica has a red waterfall.
Photos of Antarctica may trick you into believing the icy continent exists in shades of only blue and white, but a 1911 discovery of a red waterfall proves otherwise. Around 112 years ago, Australian geologist Griffith Taylor came across an Antarctic waterfall spewing blood-red water from deep within a glacier. Taylor believed the red water was caused by red algae, though this theory was later debunked. The rust-colored water in what’s now known as Blood Falls actually stumped scientists for the better part of a century, until water samples suggested that iron might be the cause. The saline brine feeding the falls — a liquid so salty it is incapable of freezing — is rich with the mineral. When the brine emerges from the falls and is exposed to oxygen, it immediately oxidizes, turning its red hue — a not-so-scary explanation for one of nature’s more intriguing phenomena.
Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer
Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
Time seems like a simple enough concept — 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and so on. That is, except for a little something called “gravitational time dilation.” First explored in Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, the idea is almost confusingly simple — the farther away you are from a massive object (e.g., a planet), the faster time travels. The more massive the object, the slower time travels, which is why things get very wonky around supermassive black holes like the one at the center of our galaxy.
Albert Einstein first proposed the idea of time travel.
The concept of time travel was popularized by early science fiction. The first mention of it (at least as a voyage controlled by technology) comes from H.G. Wells, whose 1895 novel “The Time Machine” was published years before the arrival of Einstein’s famous theory of relativity.
These differences in how time flows are minuscule on Earth, so they don’t really affect us — the top floor of the Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest building, does not operate with a special time-dilated clock. Yet technically, even our heads experience time just a bit differently than our feet. In 2010, the U.S. National Standards and Technology (NIST) even performed an experiment using optical atomic clocks that could measure a change in time dilation within less than 1 meter.
Although imperceptible to our minds, precision technologies such as GPS need to factor in time dilation in order to work at all. So the next time you use Google Maps, consider giving a shout-out to Einstein and his mind-bending theory of the universe.
The massive object at the center of our galaxy is a supermassive black hole named Sagittarius A*.
Advertisement
Scientists used a total solar eclipse to prove Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Today Albert Einstein is known best for his general theory of relativity, a conception of gravity that revolutionized physics. But when he published the theory in 1916 in the German science journal Annalen der Physik, the idea got its fair share of pushback. At the time, Einstein wrote, “Every coachman and every waiter is debating whether relativity theory is correct. Belief in this matter depends on political affiliation.” Then came Arthur Eddington, a British astronomer, who conducted an amazing experiment only months after World War I ended. On May 29, 1919, Eddington observed a solar eclipse — more specifically, a star cluster called Hyades in the Taurus constellation visible during the darkness of totality — to see how the starlight was affected by the sun’s mass. After spending months crunching the numbers, Eddington proved Einstein correct; the starlight had been bent in the manner he predicted. The German physicist soon became a scientific rock star the world over, and our perception of the universe was never the same.
Darren Orf
Writer
Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
Not everyone gets to meet their idols. Henry Ford, one of America’s manufacturing greats, did — and was even lucky enough to become friendly with his hero. The automobile creator long looked up to serial inventor Thomas Edison, and in 1891, toward the start of his career, landed a job as a night engineer at the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. Eventually, the two inventors crossed paths at a work party, where Edison supposedly inspired Ford to further pursue his experimental automobiles. Ford had recently created his first prototype, the Ford Quadricycle, and eventually left the company to work on prototypes that became the Model T. But that wasn’t where their relationship ended — Edison and Ford quickly became friends, corresponding regularly, dedicating speeches to one another, and even purchasing neighboring estates in Florida. So it’s no surprise that the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, features artifacts from both inventors, though some are unusual — such as a test tube that supposedly contains Edison’s final breath.
Thomas Edison invented the incandescent lightbulb.
Credit for Edison’s best-known invention is somewhat misplaced; he did make improvements to the incandescent bulb, but he didn’t create it. Inventors tinkered with the bulbs for at least 40 years before Edison received his patent, which added bamboo filaments to help bulbs last longer.
Legend has it that Ford, who had an eccentric bent and was interested in life after death, obtained the vial by asking Edison’s son Charles to capture his dear friend’s final breath. However, that tale is a bit hyperbolic. Historians believe that the tube was actually given to Ford as a sentimental gesture in honor of his friend. According to a letter written by Charles Edison in 1953, a set of empty test tubes was close to his father’s death bed when the inventor died in 1931. Charles requested that the attending doctor seal the tubes with paraffin wax, potentially capturing his father’s last breaths, and later gifted one to Ford. The test tube at the Henry Ford Museum is not the only one of its kind — Edison’s estate includes a collection of 42 test tubes that supposedly contain the inventor’s final breath.
Henry Ford once designed a plastic car made from soybeans.
Advertisement
Thomas Edison and Henry Ford once camped with a President.
If you’ve ever hit the open road with your best friend, you might be more like Henry Ford and Thomas Edison than you know. Together with two other friends — naturalist John Burroughs and tire manufacturer Harvey Firestone — they set out on a series of summer camping trips. Between 1914 and 1924, the group (who called themselves “the Four Vagabonds”) trekked along the eastern coast, camping in the Adirondacks, Catskill Mountains, and throughout Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, among other places. On one adventure in July 1921, the group (minus Burroughs) invited Warren G. Harding, then-sitting president of the United States, to camp in Maryland, in a spot the crew dubbed “Camp Harding.” However, the adventures of the Four Vagabonds weren’t just for fun; they were part of a media campaign that often depicted the businessmen as “roughing it” when in reality they often slept at hotels and had a large staff accompanying them to cook meals.
Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer
Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
If you saw a Jeep with a rubber duck on its dashboard, you probably wouldn’t think anything of it — until you saw several other Jeeps with ducks on their dashboards, too. This quirky, quacky tradition, known as “Jeep ducking” or “Duck Duck Jeep,” started with one friendly Jeep owner placing a rubber duck on another Jeep. Like the “Jeep wave,” in which Jeep owners acknowledge one another on the road by waving with two or four fingers, the “Jeep ducking” tradition quickly caught on among Jeep fans.
Jeeps are known for having hidden Easter eggs in their design.
Since 1997, Jeep has incorporated hidden design elements into its vehicles, including silhouettes of the brand’s iconic vehicle and grille, Morse code, animals, maps, and even a spider with a speech bubble that reads, “Ciao, Baby!”
The tradition was started in July 2020 bya Canadian Jeep owner named Allison Parliament. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, Parliament wanted to leave a note for the fellow owner of a Jeep Wrangler, but she didn’t have any paper on hand. She did, however, have a rubber duck. So she wrote a cheerful note — “Nice Jeep, have a great day” — on the duck, and placed it on the Jeep. When the Jeep’s owner caught her leaving the duck, he suggested they take a picture and post it on social media. The hashtag #DuckDuckJeep soon went viral as media outlets reached out to interview the woman behind the kind gesture, and the publicity spurred other Jeep owners to start exchanging ducks. Parliament’s spontaneous act of kindness started a trend that quickly spread throughout Canada and the United States, as well as dozens of other countries, including Australia, China, and India. Parliament passed away on June 22, 2024, but her joyful and spontaneous tradition lives on, continuing to connect Jeep enthusiasts worldwide.
Akron, Ohio, is known as “Rubber City” because of its long history of rubber and tire manufacturing.
Advertisement
Rubber ducks were originally chew toys.
In the mid-19th century,Charles Goodyear’s innovative process of vulcanization made it possible to strengthen and waterproof rubber, transforming not only the automotive industry, but the toy industry as well. Toy manufacturers began producing a variety of rubber toys in different shapes, including the original rubber duck. But the first rubber ducks didn’t float, because they were made of solid rubber and intended as children’s chew toys. It wasn’t untilthe 1940s that Russian American sculptor Peter Ganine patented a design for an “uncapsizable duck,” which sold in the millions. His design evolved into the vinyl version of the classic yellow duckie we know today.
Kristina Wright
Writer
Kristina is a coffee-fueled writer living happily ever after with her family in the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
New York City’s drinking water is often called “the Champagne of tap water,” and while it doesn’t sparkle, it does have another unique property: It contains microscopic crustaceans. The tiny creatures are nearly invisible to the naked eye, and when they are spotted in a freshly poured cup, they resemble small specks of white dust. Despite their size, the crustaceans — aka copepods — play a major role in keeping the city’s water supply safe. That’s because copepods eat mosquito larvae often found floating in water, naturally improving its quality and taste — a particularly important job considering New York City has the largest unfiltered water system in the U.S.
Some shrimp can shoot bubbles to catch their prey.
Pistol shrimp are named for their unusual method of stunning their meals: shooting air bubbles at speeds similar to a bullet. The bursting bubbles create shock waves, complete with flashes of light and loud noise, which have been known to disrupt underwater submarine communication.
Residents of the Big Apple get most of their water from the Catskill and Delaware Watersheds, which supply about 1.2 billion gallons of drinking water per day to more than 9 million city dwellers and those in nearby suburbs. While the water isn’t filtered, it is treated with ultraviolet light and chemicals such as chlorine, and it undergoes around 600,000 health and water quality tests per year. Copepods can survive these cleansers, flowing through the system to often wind up in a glass of New York’s finest tap water. Despite the benefits of copepods, their existence has created concerns for religious Jewish communities that prohibit shellfish consumption. However, water quality engineers and biologists — who report that copepods exist around the globe in nearly all types of water and are entirely safe to consume — note that the creatures can easily be removed with at-home water filters.
Copepods are also called “cows of the sea,” because they graze on aquatic plant life.
Advertisement
Some communities get their drinking water from fog.
Not every community has instant, unlimited access to safe drinking water, which is why some have turned to unorthodox methods of water collection — such as fog harvesting. The process has been successful in arid regions with heavy fog, like coastal countries such as Eritrea, Israel, and Chile. Fog harvesters use mesh nets or screens to collect tiny water droplets from low-lying fog clouds, which then flow into pipes that lead to storage reservoirs. In Peru, a single fog net is capable of capturing between 200 and 400 liters of fresh water per day (about 52 to 105 gallons). While this simple technology is a water-producing game changer, scientists say it’s a recycled idea; evidence of ancient fog harvesters has been unearthed in Egypt, Israel, and the Atacama Desert in South America.
Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer
Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
As the largest and smallest states by area, Alaska and Rhode Island are in some ways diametrically opposed. But they do share one particular quirk: Each has just one area code. In fact, there are a total of 11 U.S. states whose residents use the same area code — Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming — and the reason has to do with the lower population numbers in those locations.
Helena, Montana, was once home to the most millionaires per capita.
In 1864, Helena was founded as a camp for miners. Within a few years, many of the town’s residents saw their wealth skyrocket. By 1888, there were around 50 millionaires living among the 12,000 locals, making Helena home to the most millionaires per capita in the world.
In 1947, AT&T introduced area codes in an effort to standardize phone numbers across the United States and parts of Canada. The company issued 86 original area codes that are still in use today; the more well populated a state was, the more likely it was to be allotted multiple area codes. Back then, it was common practice for the middle digit to be “0” if the area code covered an entire state, and “1” if it covered only a portion. Today, many states have grown large enough to be given additional area codes, but there are still 11 holdouts. For instance, every inch of Alaska’s 665,384 square miles uses the same 907 area code. The same is true for the fourth largest state by area, Montana, whose residential phone numbers all start with 406. Many of these 11 states have come to embrace their singular area codes as an emblem of local pride. You’ll often find those three digits emblazoned on shirts, craft beers, bumper stickers, and other souvenirs sold throughout each state.
Multiple states with single area codes will soon run out of phone numbers.
Of the 11 states that still rely on a single area code, several are projected to run out of available phone numbers in the near future. Once that happens, those states will have to implement new area codes for the first time since 1947. Experts project North Dakota will run out of 701 numbers by 2026, and Montana is estimated to max out its capacity of 406 numbers the following year. Maine is also teetering on the precipice, as it’s expected to supplement its 207 area code by the year 2033. This is due to growing populations and increased cellphone use, both of which require additional phone numbers. However, many local leaders in these states are attempting to delay the addition of other area codes by changing the way phone numbers are assigned, as the current system leads to many numbers being left unused.
Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer
Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Inbox Studio, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
Original photo by Robert Harding Video/ Shutterstock
Lists of the world’s most intelligent animals don’t often feature cows, but our bovine friends have more emotional depth than they tend to get credit for. A 2011 study by scientists at the University of Northampton in England revealed that not only do cows have best friends, but they also get stressed out when separated from their BFFs — a relatable quality if ever there were one. The research was conducted by comparing heart rates and cortisol levels during 30-minute sessions in which a cow was penned with a “preferred partner” it was known to have a close bond with, then a “familiar but nonpreferred individual.” When the besties shared a pen together, their heart rates were lower and other signs of stress were also reduced.
Cows have red-green colorblindness, meaning both red and green appear as shades of gray and/or black to them. Red-green colorblindness is also common in dogs, horses, and cats.
Cows aren’t the only animals that form friendships. Chimpanzees and bonobos do, too, as do several others, including dolphins, horses, certain birds, and marmots. Dolphins can identify their friends by taste, whereas most other creatures are known for simply grooming, remaining in close proximity to, and touching their besties — capuchin monkeys, for example, gently stick their fingers in one another’s eye sockets as a bonding ritual.
There are many different words for cattle, and though they’re sometimes used interchangeably, each one refers to a distinct kind. Bulls are adult males that are usually used for breeding rather than meat, whereas steer are castrated males typically raised for meat. The word “cow” itself refers to a mature female that has birthed at least one calf, and a heifer is a younger female that has not yet given birth.
Michael Nordine
Staff Writer
Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
Photographers have relied on the magic of cheese for decades — just mentioning the word is enough to turn up the corners of our mouths into a picture-perfect grin. But the earliest photographers utilized a different food to help purse their subjects’ puckers: prunes. According to Christina Kotchemidova, a communications professor and researcher, British photography studios of the past encouraged people to say “prunes” in an effort to tighten their lips, a look that was more socially preferable than a wide smile.
Before instant photos, Polaroid created goggles for dogs.
Instant photos hit the market in 1948 thanks to inventor Edwin Land. But his company, Polaroid, used polarizer filters in other items before cameras. Some of Land’s earliest products included a 3D movie process, upgraded military periscopes, and even glare-reducing dog goggles.
Most 19th- and early 20th-century photos show subjects with a solemn expression, a look that’s often attributed to the long exposure times of early cameras; holding a neutral expression for several minutes was easier than maintaining a smile. But social norms also played a big role — stern faces remained popular even after photo technology had improved well enough to easily capture smiles by the late 1800s, and some historians say that smiling was once considered improper. Beauty standards of the time called for mouths to have a subdued appearance; Kotchemidova’s research suggests people were expected to have “carefully controlled” mouths with small pouts.
According to one study of nearly 38,000 high school yearbook photos from the 1900s to the 2010s, smiling in photos became more popular by the mid-20th century. Some historians believe the switch was influenced by two factors: dental care and home photography. Without widespread access to dental care, missing or rotten teeth were common, a detail many wouldn’t have wanted featured in their portrait. Dentistry became a more established field in the early 1900s, the same time period when Kodak was marketing its amateur cameras as a way to capture life’s happier, spontaneous moments — smiles included.
In the U.S., California is the top prune-growing state.
Advertisement
Cameras from the Apollo space missions are still on the moon.
Documenting humankind’s voyage into space has required astronauts to cart cameras outside Earth’s atmosphere, but they haven’t always returned. Cameras used during many of the Apollo missions are still on the moon five decades later, including one used by Neil Armstrong during the first moonwalk. Between 1961 and 1972, NASA crews prepared and sent into space bare-bones cameras, stripped down for efficiency and to reduce user error, but weight requirements for returning to Earth meant astronauts kept only the film, ditching the cameras to make room for moon rocks and other space samples. In 1969, NASA announced that its moon garbage heaps — which would eventually include 12 cameras — totaled about $1 million in abandoned equipment (about $8.1 million today). However, the film brought back to Earth from the Apollo missions captured 18,000 of our first glimpses into space.
Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer
Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
The next time you pop some jelly beans into your mouth, you may want to take a moment to appreciate just how much effort goes into producing these bite-sized delights. As explained by industry giant Jelly Belly, the process begins by heating a sugar, cornstarch, corn syrup, and water mixture, known as a slurry, and adding fruit purée, juice concentrate, or other ingredients for flavoring. From there, the mixture is squirted into cornstarch-coated molding trays, and left to solidify into the chewy jelly bean centers.
President Ronald Reagan had 720 bags of jelly beans delivered to the White House each month.
Reagan, who turned to the sweets to help stop smoking, developed an insatiable taste for jelly beans during his tenure as California's governor. In 1981, he received 3.5 tons of red, white, and blue jelly beans for his presidential inauguration.
The following day, the bean centers are sent through a steam bath and a sugar shower to keep them from sticking. They are then loaded into a spinning machine for a process known as "panning," in which sugar and syrup are manually applied over the course of two hours to slowly build each bean's candied shell. Following another settling period, the candies receive an additional syrup coating, before being polished with confectioner's glaze and beeswax. Upon earning a final thumbs-up by way of visual inspection and spot taste-testing, the beans are stamped with the Jelly Belly logo and shipped out into the world.
It's a lot of shower, rinse, rest, and repeat for a process that takes seven to 14 days to complete. And while that might seem like an outsized increment of time for such a tiny edible, the Americans who gobble down an average of 16 billion jelly beans every Easter seem to think it's worth it.
National Jelly Bean Day is annually celebrated on April 22.
Advertisement
Jelly beans first appeared in the United States during the 19th century.
Nobody knows for sure where jelly beans came from, but they’re said to have descended from a pair of European predecessors: jellied Turkish delights, which became the pride of Istanbul in the late 18th century, and Jordan almonds, which began receiving their candy shells in the 15th century. Allegedly mentioned early on in a Civil War-era advertisement from Boston candymaker William Schrafft, jelly beans were considered a Yuletide specialty by the end of the 19th century, before becoming more closely associated with Easter within a few decades. But perhaps the biggest step in jelly bean history came in 1965, when the Herman Goelitz Candy Company found a way to flavor both the chewy center and the crunchy shell of their Mini Jelly Beans, creating the modern marvel enjoyed by candy connoisseurs everywhere.
Tim Ott
Writer
Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.
Passengers aboard Loganair Flight LM711, which travels 1.7 miles between the Scottish islands of Westray and Papa Westray, are airborne very briefly. On a good day, the world’s shortest commercial flight takes less than a minute — as little as 53 seconds, in fact. There’s no co-pilot, no lavatory, and only eight passengers aboard the Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander aircraft. Tickets for the journey, which is made just two or three times a day, cost roughly $22. Both Westray and Papa Westray are part of the Orkney archipelago, a sparsely populated set of islands that have proved popular with adventurous travelers in search of a scenic journey that happens to include a record-setting flight.
Scotland doesn’t have an official national anthem.
The country has never adopted an official anthem, and in 2015 the Scottish government announced it has “no current plans” to do so. However, “Flower of Scotland” continues to serve as an unofficial anthem at international sporting events.
Most of the world’s other shortest flights are likewise between islands. Those who’d prefer not to take the hour-long ferry connecting the Greek isles of Karpathos and Kasos can instead fly between them in just five minutes. Meanwhile, passengers flying the 12 miles from Sint Maarten (one of the Netherlands’ constituent countries) to Anguilla (a British Overseas Territory) can expect to be in the air for closer to 10 minutes.
The world’s longest flight is between Newark and Singapore.
On the opposite end of the flight length spectrum is Singapore Airlines Flight 21, a 10,644-mile journey between New Jersey and Singapore with a scheduled length of 18 hours and 50 minutes (a mere 18 hours and 18 minutes under optimal conditions). The daily trek crosses 13 time zones and usually flies over at least a dozen countries. It’s the world’s longest flight, edging out the route between San Francisco, California, and Bengaluru, India, which takes closer to 17 hours and 50 minutes, as well as Qantas’ flight from Perth, Australia, to London, England (17 hours and 45 minutes).
Michael Nordine
Staff Writer
Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
Advertisement
top picks from the Inbox Studio network
Interesting Facts is part of Inbox Studio, an email-first media company. *Indicates a third-party property.