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Is there a word for the opposite of writer’s block? If there isn’t, Dolly Parton should get to coin it, since the country music legend says she penned “I Will Always Love You” and “Jolene” in one day. “That was a good writing day” is how the ever-humble fan favorite described the process of writing the two eventual Billboard Country Music No. 1 hits in 1972. They remain two of her best-known songs a full half-century later, with “I Will Always Love You” taking on a second life when Whitney Houston covered it for the 1992 blockbuster The Bodyguard. Parton, who used some of her royalties from the cover to invest in a Black neighborhood in Nashville, is a fan of Houston’s version and has said she “would’ve loved” to perform a duet with Houston even though “she’d have outsung me on that one for sure.”
Though she’s never revealed them publicly, Parton has “a few little tattoos here and there.” The singer apparently scars easily, and has used her ink — including beehives, butterflies, and ribbons — to cover them up.
“Jolene” and “I Will Always Love You” aren’t the only megahits in history that were written quickly, of course. It took Mariah Carey and songwriter Walter Afanasieff just 15 minutes to co-write “All I Want for Christmas,” while the Beatles’ “Yesterday,” Lady Gaga’s “Just Dance,” the Guess Who’s “American Woman,” and several other famous tunes were all put together in around 10 minutes. Sometimes when inspiration strikes, it really strikes.
Parton’s father paid the doctor who delivered her with a sack of oatmeal.
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Dolly Parton is Miley Cyrus’ godmother.
By the time Miley Cyrus was born in 1992, Dolly Parton had been a country music icon for more than two decades. Thanks to Parton’s close friendship with Miley’s dad, “Achy Breaky Heart” singer Billy Ray Cyrus, she was chosen as Miley’s godmother. “When Miley came along, I said, ‘She’s got to be my fairy goddaughter,’” Partonrecalled in an interview. Parton has also said that the “Wrecking Ball” singer “just had a light about her” from a young age. The relationship is both personal and professional, and Parton appeared on Hannah Montana with her goddaughter several times. And though Cyrus has elicited occasional controversy throughout her career, Parton hasvowed to “never, ever bad-mouth Miley, no matter what she does. I just always hope she comes out the other end alright.”
Michael Nordine
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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There are impressive filmographies, and then there’s John Cazale's. The actor only appeared in five films during his lifetime, all of which were nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards: The Godfather (1972), The Conversation (1974), The Godfather Part II (1974), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), and The Deer Hunter (1978). Even more remarkably, three of them — both Godfathers and The Deer Hunter — won the top prize. The last of these was released after Cazale’s untimely death from bone cancer in March 1978, at which time the 42-year-old thespian was the romantic partner of fellow great Meryl Streep. (He was also in 1990's The Godfather Part III via archival footage, which didn’t break his streak — that sequel was also up for Best Picture.)
Despite receiving widespread praise for his performances, Cazale was never nominated for an Academy Award himself. He fared better during his stage career, winning an Obie for his performance in 1968’s “The Indian Wants the Bronx” — as did Pacino, with whom he shared the stage.
Described by no less an authority than his Godfather co-star Al Pacino as “one of the great actors of our time — that time, any time,” Cazale remains best known for playing the tragic Fredo Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola’s mafioso saga. Revered by everyone from contemporaries Gene Hackman and Robert De Niro to more recent admirers such as Michael Fassbender and Steve Buscemi, he was the subject of the 2009 documentary I Knew It Was You: Rediscovering John Cazale. The film was well received upon its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, and further cemented Cazale’s status as one of the most respected performers of his generation.
John Cazale and Al Pacino met while working for Standard Oil Company.
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Two actors won Oscars for playing the same "Godfather" character.
Marlon Brando won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice during his legendary career, the first time for 1954’s On the Waterfront (“I coulda been a contender”) and the second time for The Godfather (“I’m gonna make him an offer he can’t refuse”). Few silver-screen characters are as iconic as “Don” Vito Corleone, not least because Brando wasn’t the only all-time great to play him. The Godfather Part II is both a sequel and a prequel, with Robert De Niro playing a young Vito Corleone as he emigrates from Sicily to New York and ascends to power. Like Brando before him, De Niro won an Oscar for his performance — this time as Best Supporting Actor. It was the only time two actors had earned Oscars for playing the same character until Joaquin Phoenix was named Best Actor for playing the title character in 2019’s Joker 11 years after Heath Ledger’s performance as Batman’s nemesis in The Dark Knight. The feat was repeated again in 2022, when Ariana DeBose got a trophy for playing West Side Story’s Anita 60 years after Rita Moreno did likewise.
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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What is the oldest continuous culture in the world? Some might say it’s the Egyptians, since they’ve been kicking around for several thousand years, or perhaps the Indians living along the Indus River Valley — one of ancient history’s greatest (and least-known) civilizations. However, the real answer lies far away from these centers of ancient wonder, in the Land Down Under, among that continent’s first peoples — the Aboriginal Australians. A study in 2016 by an international team of researchers gathered genomic data that showed this group first arrived on the continent some 50,000 years ago, after leaving Africa about 70,000 years ago.
The British were the first Europeans to land on the Australian continent.
Although British explorer James Cook’s arrival in the Land Down Under in 1770 is well known, it was actually Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon who, in 1606, landed at what is now called Cape York Peninsula in northern Australia.
However, it’s worth noting that Aboriginal peoples are far from a homogenous unit. After the first peoples arrived on the continent, they quickly spread across Australia, forming isolated pockets that developed independently of one another. By the time Europeans arrived en masse in the late 18th century, some 200 nations of Aboriginal Australians — each with their own language — lived throughout the continent. But that diversity goes beyond just tribes or nations; a study in December 2023 concluded that Aboriginal peoples have high levels of genetic diversity compared to European or Asian populations.
Unfortunately, Aboriginal Australians continue to struggle compared to non-Indigenous Australians, and experience an eight-year shorter life expectancy, poorer health and educational outcomes, and other ill effects stemming from colonialism and mistreatment. But if the past 75,000 years have taught us anything, it’s that Aboriginal Australians are a resilient culture, and they aren’t going anywhere.
First elected in 1972, Neville Bonner was Australia’s first Indigenous parliamentarian.
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Aboriginal peoples are not the only Indigenous group living in Australia today.
Although Aboriginal Australians make up the lion’s share of the country’s Indigenous peoples, another important group, called Torres Strait Islander Australians, lives on an archipelago of some 274 small islands between mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. According to a 2021 census, Torres Strait Islanders constitute roughly 8% of Australia’s Indigenous population. These native peoples first migrated to these islands nearly 70,000 years ago when the land was still part of Papua New Guinea, and while James Cook claimed ownership of the Torres Strait Islands in 1770, the islanders weren’t annexed by Queensland (then a British colony and now an Australian state) until 1879. While the cause of Indigenous rights in Australia often pairs Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders together, the two groups possess languages and cultures that are wholly separate. In 2013, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act finally acknowledged that these two peoples were to forever be considered the first inhabitants of Australia.
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You may love Disney, but you probably don’t love it as much as Jeff Reitz. The 49-year-old brought new meaning to the term “Disney adult” by visiting the Happiest Place on Earth 2,995 days in a row — a streak that only ended when Disneyland shut down during the pandemic. It began as “a joke and a fun thing to do” between him and a friend when the two were in between jobs on New Year’s Eve 2011, and it continued for eight years, three months, and 13 days. The original plan was to spend every day of 2012 at the park, in part because it was a leap year and Reitz liked the idea of going 366 days in a single year, but he didn’t feel inclined to stop once 2013 rolled around. He became the unofficial record-holder at the 1,000-day mark and was oh so close to reaching 3,000 days before COVID-19 prevented that particular milestone when Disneyland shut down on March 14, 2020.
Mickey was actually preceded by one Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, the star of 26 short cartoons beginning in 1927. After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney came up with Mickey — and the two creatures bear a striking resemblance to one another.
Reitz, who worked in nearby Long Beach, would usually arrive at Disneyland between 4:30 and 5 p.m. and log some 10,000 steps during his three-to-five-hour visits. Though he initially struggled with the park’s closure, he eventually made peace with it: “A lot has changed over the eight years that I started it,” he said after his streak ended. “I’m good with it. I went more than eight years. I got to see a lot of changes at the park. Now, I’m not worried about going every day like I was.” After more than a year of being closed, Disneyland reopened in April 2021. It’s not clear if Reitz has been back, but he has enough memories to last him a while.
Disneyland employees aren’t allowed to use the phrase " I don’t know ."
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Walt Disney received a custom-made Oscar statuette for “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.”
Walt Disney won 32 Academy Awards, a record for the most individual Oscars, and one that’s unlikely to be broken anytime soon (if ever). Because there was no award for Best Animated Feature until 2001, when Shrek won the inaugural prize, he received an Honorary Oscar for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1939 that included a unique custom design — one regular Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones placed along a stepped base. The Oscar was awarded for Snow White’s “significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field for the motion picture cartoon.” It was presented to him by Shirley Temple, who was a bit confused as to why the star of the film wasn’t being honored as well: “I thought that the big statue was for Walt and that the Seven Dwarfs were the little ones going down the side and that Snow White herself hadn’t gotten anything,” she later said.
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Human eyes are entirely unique; just like fingerprints, no two sets are alike. But some genetic anomalies create especially unlikely “windows” to the world — like gray eyes. Eye experts once believed that human eyes could appear in only three colors: brown, blue, and green, sometimes with hazel or amber added. More recently, the ashy hue that was once lumped into the blue category has been regrouped as its own, albeit rarely seen, color.
Brown-eyed folks are in good company, with up to 80% of the global population sporting the shade, while blue eyes are the second-most common hue. Traditionally, green was considered the least common eye color, though researchers now say gray is the most rare, with less than 1% of the population seeing through steel-colored eyes.
Sun-kissed skin is often dotted with freckles — which can also appear on our eyes. Optical freckles are common and generally harmless; some form before birth as molelike spots called nevi, while others appear on the iris thanks to sun exposure and aging.
Eye color is an inherited trait, meaning it’s likely members of the same family have similar eye colors. However, geneticists now believe determining a child’s eye color isn’t as simple as looking at their parents. That’s because as many as 16 genes work together to impact the final hue. Intriguingly, the eye color we have at birth isn’t necessarily the one we’ll have as adults. Most babies are born with fainter eyes that often look gray, light blue, or light brown until the melanocytes — the protein that creates color — produce enough melanin to color the iris. People with less active melanocytes typically have lighter eyes (like blue or green), while people with more melanin usually end up with brown eyes. In most cases, our final eye color begins to emerge around 3 to 6 months old, though it can continue changing until a baby’s third birthday.
Having two different colored eyes is called heterochromia.
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The letters on an eye exam chart are called “optotypes.”
Picking out which letters you can (and can’t) see from a chart is now a routine part of an eye exam, in part due to Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen. For hundreds of years, eye doctors used a variety of methods to test their patients’ visual acuity (aka how far and clearly a person can see), including vision charts of their own design featuring seeds and common symbols, though no one test was widely used. In the 1860s, Snellen designed his first vision chart using squares and circles, but ultimately decided to use letters. The chart-topping sizable E, along with the C, D, F, L, O, P, T, and Z were dubbed “optotypes” — a style of consistently sized and geometrically balanced lettering. Snellen’s test became popular when the British Army began using it around 1863, and it eventually became the standard acuity test. While other charts have since emerged (along with tweaks to Snellen’s design), it remains the most widespread eye exam tool, in part because it’s easy and inexpensive to reproduce.
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Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
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Today, aluminum is a common material you can buy for cheap at your local supermarket, but in the mid-to-late 19th century, it was as valuable as the most precious of metals. Although the material is easily found in the Earth’s crust, a pure form of aluminum doesn’t occur naturally. Instead, it requires a laborious process to extract it from other elements with which it appears, such as iron or silicon. So when the U.S. government needed an impressive topperfor the Washington Monument, they went with a 9-inch pyramidion (a small pyramid at the top of an obelisk) made of aluminum — the largest piece of aluminum ever made at the time. The pyramid was affixed atop the Washington Monument on December 6, 1884; after 36 laborious years of construction, the 555-foot memorial to the nation’s first president was finally completed.
Aluminum has been used by humans in some form since the ancient Egyptians. But it wasn’t until the arrival of electricity in the 19th century that pure aluminum became readily available, as its smelting process required vast amounts of energy.
Although the 9-inch aluminum pyramid was dazzling in its day, the hunk of metal also served a more practical purpose. Because the Washington Monument towered over nearby buildings, its designers also intended it as an effective lightning rod. The pyramidion was connected by four iron rods that went down the monument and traveled 40 feet underground into a pool of groundwater, which dispelled the electricity. (Gold-plated copper rods with copper points were also added to the structure after lightning cracked it during a storm in 1885.) Unfortunately, the Washington Monument was a little too good at being a lightning rod — repeated lightning strikes have melted down the aluminum cap by 3/8 inch. Today, two lightning rods divert strikes from the pyramidion, which still glistens atop the monument’s peak.
During the Civil War, the land around the Washington Monument was used as a cattle pen.
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Although Britons say “aluminium,” it was a British scientist who named it “aluminum.”
The phonetic differences between American and British English are usually a case of stressing different syllables or pronouncing vowels differently. However, the pronunciation of “aluminum” vs. “aluminium” (if you grew up outside the U.S. and Canada) often throws speakers for a loop. Perhaps strangely, North Americans use the original pronunciation as coined by British scientist Sir Humphry Davy, who named the element “aluminum” in his 1812 book Elements of Chemical Philosophy. Davy’s coinage did not sit well with some chemists, including Thomas Young, who proposed the alternate spelling in a review of Davy’s book, following an established “-ium” spelling trend seen in words such as helium, lithium, magnesium, sodium, etc. Webster’s English Dictionary, famous for establishing many of the subtle differences between American and British English, went with Davy’s original spelling in its 1828 edition, and nearly a century later, the American Chemical Society followed suit. However, in 1990, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) accepted the extra “i” as a permanent fixture of the word. Much like the metric system, Americans weren’t having it, and three years later, the IUPAC also recognized “aluminum” as a correct spelling. Everyone wins.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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Leaders have historically used body doubles to thwart would-be assassins, but Queen Elizabeth II’s double served a different — and significantly less bloody — purpose. A big part of being the queen of the United Kingdom was simply showing up. Whether opening a hospital or hosting a foreign dignitary, the queen was always busy. A majority of her events required rehearsals, and that’s where Ella Slack came in. Although Slack and the queen didn’t look alike, they were about the same height and build, so if an event needed to test camera angles or see if the sun would be in the queen’s eyes, Slack was the person for the task.
Dolly Parton once lost a drag queen celebrity look-alike contest.
According to the country music icon, she did lose a drag queen look-alike contest. “They had a bunch of Chers and Dollys that year, so I just over-exaggerated — made my beauty mark bigger, the eyes bigger, the hair bigger,” Parton told ABC News. “I got the least applause.”
Slack got the job while working for the BBC’s events department in the 1980s. She stood in for the queen more than 50 times, including riding in the royal carriage and attending rehearsals for the opening of Parliament. However, Slack didn’t get to enjoy all the comforts of royalty. As a strict rule, she was never allowed to sit on the throne in the House of Lords and instead just “lurked” above it. Slack also was never paid for her stand-in efforts but considered her role “a pleasure and an honor.”
Queen Elizabeth was the first female British royal to be a full-time active member of the armed forces.
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Technically, the queen owned all unmarked mute swans in open waters in the U.K.
Since the 12th century, the English monarchy has held the title of Seigneur (lord) of the Swans. For many years, mute swans — the elegant type you know from “Swan Lake” — were a popular food served by the rich. It was the king or queen who granted swan ownership rights, and the cost of going against those rights was severe. For example, anyone caught stealing swan eggs could face a year in prison, and it was treasonous to illegally eat a swan until 1998. In the 14th century, the crown granted swan ownership rights to Abbotsbury Swannery, one of only a few surviving companies with such privileges. The swannery marks their swans with a small ring around the bird’s leg. Any mute swan that isn’t marked in such a way remains property of the monarch. Strangely, this law also applies to dead swans, so any well-meaning taxidermist not wishing to run afoul of the law must contact the royal swan marker before stuffing any of the crown’s birds.
Darren Orf
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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Some caricaturists, whether in celebrity restaurants or theme parks, face customers who are less than thrilled with their portraits, but to be drawn by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld was considered an honor. Hirschfeld began working with The New York Times in 1929, often drawing the stars of Broadway and Hollywood, but it wasn’t until the birth of his daughter Nina in 1945 that a now-legendary game began. In many of his drawings following her birth, for the Times and other prominent publications, Hirschfeld hid his daughter’s name “in folds of sleeves, tousled hairdos, eyebrows, wrinkles, backgrounds, shoelaces — anywhere to make it difficult, but not too difficult, to find,” Hirschfeld once said. Next to his signature, the artist included the number of times “Nina” appeared throughout the image.
Leonardo da Vinci is one of the first caricaturists.
Although the Renaissance master is known for his explorations of human perfection (see: Vitruvian Man), Leonardo da Vinci also drew sketches of exaggerated and grotesque faces. Some scholars consider these works the beginning of caricature.
This tradition inspired an unofficial puzzle for decades, as readers scanned Hirschfeld’s work to find each and every “Nina” — and this included Hirschfeld himself. According to his foundation’s website, the artist became so accustomed to adding his daughter’s name as part of his artistic process that he often had to go back through the piece and find every hidden “Nina” for himself in order to come up with the total count. Hirschfeld continued this tradition for nearly 60 years, until his death at the age of 99 in 2003.
The word “caricature” comes from the Italian verb “caricare,” which means “to load.”
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A computer programmer built an algorithm for finding Waldo in “Where’s Waldo?”
When it comes to hiding secrets in illustrations, nothing compares to Where’s Waldo? First published in Britain in 1987 under the title Where’s Wally? (it’s still called that in the U.K.), this famous series of books follows the bespectacled and candy cane-colored Waldo through various adventures as he hides among artist Martin Handford’s amazingly detailed illustrations. “As I work my way through a picture, I add Wally when I come to what I feel is a good place to hide him,” Handford once told the publisher Scholastic. Because Waldo’s location is random in all the original 68 illustrations in Handford’s original seven books, any sort of sleuthing strategy seems impossible. Well, almost impossible. In 2015, a doctoral student named Randal Olson from Michigan State University’s High-Performance Computing Center developed a computer algorithm for locating Waldo. By performing a “kernel density estimation” on Waldo’s 68 locations, Olson developed a few simple tips. For example, Waldo never appears in the top left corner, bottom right corner, or near the edges of either page. Then, Olson developed an algorithm for scanning a typical Waldo spread, including step-by-step processes for which parts of the page to scan first. When the algorithm was put to the test, Olson says he spotted Waldo in most spreads in less than 10 seconds. However, some “outlier” illustrations took a bit longer, proving Waldo can still stump both man and machine.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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