As the largest and smallest states by area, Alaska and Rhode Island are in some ways diametrically opposed. But they do share one particular quirk: Each has just one area code. In fact, there are a total of 11 U.S. states whose residents use the same area code — Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming — and the reason has to do with the lower population numbers in those locations.
Helena, Montana, was once home to the most millionaires per capita.
In 1864, Helena was founded as a camp for miners. Within a few years, many of the town’s residents saw their wealth skyrocket. By 1888, there were around 50 millionaires living among the 12,000 locals, making Helena home to the most millionaires per capita in the world.
In 1947, AT&T introduced area codes in an effort to standardize phone numbers across the United States and parts of Canada. The company issued 86 original area codes that are still in use today; the more well populated a state was, the more likely it was to be allotted multiple area codes. Back then, it was common practice for the middle digit to be “0” if the area code covered an entire state, and “1” if it covered only a portion. Today, many states have grown large enough to be given additional area codes, but there are still 11 holdouts. For instance, every inch of Alaska’s 665,384 square miles uses the same 907 area code. The same is true for the fourth largest state by area, Montana, whose residential phone numbers all start with 406. Many of these 11 states have come to embrace their singular area codes as an emblem of local pride. You’ll often find those three digits emblazoned on shirts, craft beers, bumper stickers, and other souvenirs sold throughout each state.
Multiple states with single area codes will soon run out of phone numbers.
Of the 11 states that still rely on a single area code, several are projected to run out of available phone numbers in the near future. Once that happens, those states will have to implement new area codes for the first time since 1947. Experts project North Dakota will run out of 701 numbers by 2026, and Montana is estimated to max out its capacity of 406 numbers the following year. Maine is also teetering on the precipice, as it’s expected to supplement its 207 area code by the year 2033. This is due to growing populations and increased cellphone use, both of which require additional phone numbers. However, many local leaders in these states are attempting to delay the addition of other area codes by changing the way phone numbers are assigned, as the current system leads to many numbers being left unused.
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Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Inbox Studio, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.
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Passengers aboard Loganair Flight LM711, which travels 1.7 miles between the Scottish islands of Westray and Papa Westray, are airborne very briefly. On a good day, the world’s shortest commercial flight takes less than a minute — as little as 53 seconds, in fact. There’s no co-pilot, no lavatory, and only eight passengers aboard the Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander aircraft. Tickets for the journey, which is made just two or three times a day, cost roughly $22. Both Westray and Papa Westray are part of the Orkney archipelago, a sparsely populated set of islands that have proved popular with adventurous travelers in search of a scenic journey that happens to include a record-setting flight.
Scotland doesn’t have an official national anthem.
The country has never adopted an official anthem, and in 2015 the Scottish government announced it has “no current plans” to do so. However, “Flower of Scotland” continues to serve as an unofficial anthem at international sporting events.
Most of the world’s other shortest flights are likewise between islands. Those who’d prefer not to take the hour-long ferry connecting the Greek isles of Karpathos and Kasos can instead fly between them in just five minutes. Meanwhile, passengers flying the 12 miles from Sint Maarten (one of the Netherlands’ constituent countries) to Anguilla (a British Overseas Territory) can expect to be in the air for closer to 10 minutes.
The world’s longest flight is between Newark and Singapore.
On the opposite end of the flight length spectrum is Singapore Airlines Flight 21, a 10,644-mile journey between New Jersey and Singapore with a scheduled length of 18 hours and 50 minutes (a mere 18 hours and 18 minutes under optimal conditions). The daily trek crosses 13 time zones and usually flies over at least a dozen countries. It’s the world’s longest flight, edging out the route between San Francisco, California, and Bengaluru, India, which takes closer to 17 hours and 50 minutes, as well as Qantas’ flight from Perth, Australia, to London, England (17 hours and 45 minutes).
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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Astronomer Carl Sagan wrote in his 1980 book Cosmos that there were more stars in the universe than grains of sand on beaches on Earth — a statement that’s both wondrous and impossible to prove. But some scientists pondering similar ideas believe that there may be more trees on Earth than stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The theory stems from a 2015 study that attempted to determine how many living trees could be found on the planet, by estimating the number of trees living in different environments. Tropical and subtropical forests appear to have 43% of the world’s tree population, nearly double that of frosty boreal forests found in places such as Canada, Russia, and Norway. Other regions, including the temperate biome (central Europe and the U.S. Northeast), generally have the fewest number of trees. The combined estimates per zone lead some scientists to believe that Earth is home to roughly 3 trillion trees. Compared to NASA’s estimate of more than 100 billion stars in the Milky Way, it appears that trees far outnumber the Milky Way’s sparkling orbs.
There are more planets in the Milky Way galaxy than stars.
Our own solar system has eight planets orbiting one star (the sun), and astronomers believe that multiple planets per star is more common than not in our galaxy. On average, each star seen from Earth has at least one planet.
However, the scientific community acknowledges that we’ll likely never know the true number of stars in the sky or how many trees are rooted in the Earth, because there are too many factors at play. Astronomers can guess at the number of stars by observing how the galaxy rotates and calculating its mass, though not all stars are visible from Earth, and it’s impossible to count them individually to confirm the math. On Earth, humans cut down 15 billion trees annually but replace some, with an estimated 1.3 billion saplings produced in the U.S. each year in the hopes of balancing the count. After all, even if we have trillions of them, each tree on the planet is precious.
The South American nation of Suriname is the most heavily forested country by percentage of land.
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Coulter pine trees produce 11-pound pine cones.
Most pine trees produce pine cones, the woodsy mechanisms through which they distribute their seeds. Some species, like North America’s eastern hemlock, produce tiny, half-inch seed pods. These pale in comparison to the Coulter pine’s pine cones, which max out at 11 pounds — the largest pine cones on Earth. Coulter pine cones grow over the course of two years and can reach up to 20 inches in length. They’re so large that they’re often nicknamed “widow-makers” because of the danger they present to people below. However, your chances of encountering a Coulter pine are relatively small, since the species — first recorded in 1831 — is not especially widespread. It’s native to the mountains of Southern California and northwestern Mexico, where the trees grow along ridges and dry, rocky slopes.
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It’s frustrating when you buy a block of cheese at the supermarket and it grows mold before you can enjoy the whole thing. But that’s rarely an issue with chhurpi, the world’s hardest cheese that can last for up to 20 years. Chhurpi originated in the Eastern Himalayas region of Nepal and China, and it comes in both a softer variety produced from cow’s milk and a hard variety made from yak’s milk. Soft chhurpi lasts for only a week or two and is often pickled or enjoyed in curries. But the version made from yak’s milk is a special culinary treat you won’t find anywhere else in the world.
Wisconsin produces the most cheese of any U.S. state.
Wisconsin produces about 26% of cheese made in the U.S. each year. This is thanks to an estimated 1,290 licensed cheesemakers from Wisconsin who put out more than 3.5 billion pounds of cheese annually. The state also makes around 32 billion pounds of milk each year.
Hard chhurpi is produced by curing fresh cheese curds at room temperature for several days. The curds are then sliced into blocks and left to dry either outside or in a low-heat oven, which gives it a smoky flavor and a dense consistency. While chhurpi is best enjoyed within six months, it’s said to last for up to two decades if properly stored in yak skin. Part of chhurpi’s everlasting freshness is due to its extreme lack of moisture. While this helps preserve the cheese, the low moisture content also makes it quite difficult to chew. The most effective way to eat it is to hold it in one’s mouth until it becomes moist and softens slightly, then begin chewing it like a gum. Consuming chhurpi in this way can make one block of the stuff last for up to two hours. That’s what makes chhurpi so popular in this isolated region of the world, as people can rely on it for continual sustenance during long journeys through mountainous terrain.
France consumes the most cheese per capita of any country.
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A French town produces electricity using cheese.
Albertville, France, is a small commune that’s most famous for hosting the 1992 Winter Olympics. It’s also known for being the site of an untraditional power station that uses cheese to produce electricity. This unusual process relies on whey, a yellowish liquid byproduct that comes from the Beaufort cheesemaking process. Experts realized they could ferment the whey to create methane gas, which could then be used to heat water and produce electricity. In October 2015, a new cheese-based power plant opened with the ability to produce 2.8 million kilowatt-hours each year — enough to power a community of 1,500 people. It is the largest power plant of its kind, though it’s actually not the first. That distinction goes to a small prototype plant that was built in the mid-2000s near a French abbey that’s been producing cheese since the 12th century. Today, there are more than 20 of these small cheese-fueled power plants located throughout Europe and Canada.
Bennett Kleinman
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Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Inbox Studio, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.
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It’s not unusual for cities to share names, but it happens less frequently with countries. Yet four nations — three of which are in Africa — use the word “Guinea” in their titles: Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, and Papua New Guinea. How is it possible to have so many countries using the same word? It has to do with the colonization of Western Africa. The exact origin of the word “Guinea” is unknown, though some linguists believe the term comes from the Portuguese word “Guiné,” which appeared around the mid-1400s to describe a region south of the Senegal River along Africa’s western coast. A competing theory suggests that the name comes from Djenné, an ancient city in modern Mali that was an important stop along the trans-Saharan gold trading route; it’s possible “Djenné” transformed into “Genawah,” which was then used to describe all people in Western Africa.
An African country has Spanish as one of its official languages.
Equatorial Guinea is the only country on the African continent to have Spanish as one of its official languages, along with French and Portuguese. The nation was a colony of Spain from 1778 through 1968; today about 67% of its citizens can speak Spanish.
By the late 1880s, many European countries had laid claim to African land in a race historians call the “Scramble for Africa.” Spain, France, and Portugal (among other powers) all shared control of the Guinea region in Western Africa; the area was divided, and land was generally identified by its controlling country. However, the names we know today wouldn’t emerge until well into the 20th century, when each nation broke away from European control. French Guinea retained the name Guinea after gaining independence in 1958, Spanish Guinea became Equatorial Guinea in 1963, and Portuguese Guinea took on the name Guinea-Bissau (referencing its capital city Bissau) in 1974.
As for Papua New Guinea, located thousands of miles to the east across the Indian Ocean, two explorers gave it its name. In 1526, Portuguese sailor Jorge de Meneses dubbed part of the island “ilhas dos Papuas,” from the Malay word papuwah (referencing the islanders’ curly hair), while Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez declared another portion New Guinea, believing its citizens resembled the people of Africa’s Guinea coast.
Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, north of Australia, New Guinea (home to most of Papua New Guinea and parts of Indonesia) is the second-largest island on the globe, measuring more than 317,000 square miles. While that may seem large, it’s less than half the landmass of Greenland, the world’s largest island. Making that distinction was probably a tricky feat, however, because mapping New Guinea proved difficult for cartographers for centuries. The island’s rugged terrain — complete with mountains, rainforests, and large wetlands — can make exploring and charting its boundaries difficult; even attempts at aerial photography have often been limited thanks to heavy cloud cover in many areas. It wasn’t until 1971 that mapmakers were able to draft more accurate sketches of the island with the help of radar imagery.
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Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
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There are a few common misconceptions about killer whales, such as how they’re often seen as bloodthirsty creatures that hunt humans. (They don’t — killer whale attacks are incredibly rare.) But the biggest confusion about these black-and-white ocean dwellers is right in their name.
The Orcinus orca is actually the largest species in the Delphinidae (aka dolphin) family, weighing as much as 350 pounds at birth and growing up to 32 feet long during its 30- to 50-year lifespan. But in comparison to most whales — like the 100-foot blue whale, the largest animal on our planet — orcas are relatively small. Biologists also group killer whales with dolphins because of their aerodynamic body shape, which helps them reach speeds of up to 34 miles per hour, and their use of echolocation for hunting and navigation.
Getting a good night’s rest is a necessity for most animals, but dolphins have a tricky way of sleeping since they must remain conscious to breathe. By sleeping with only half their brain at a time, dolphins can stay somewhat alert, which helps protect them from predators and obstacles.
So why do we call them killer “whales”? The name stems from sailors of old, who witnessed the massive dolphins hunting whales (and other large marine mammals) together, and originally called them “whale killers.” Over time, the name was reordered, giving orcas a reputation as fierce and dangerous predators. These oceanic dolphins are clever hunters, known for beaching themselves to feast on seals and sea birds, and for working in pods to take down larger prey like great white sharks. But they’re also extremely social marine animals that spend their lives in matriarchal groups with as many as 40 members. Killer whales are so focused on community building that pods often host “greeting ceremonies” to meet members of other groups or welcome new babies, and hold aquatic funerals to mourn podmates. And the most reputation-busting research shows they might just like belly rubs.
The U.S. military trains dolphins for special underwater missions.
Dolphins are known for their intelligence and use of echolocation, which is why the U.S. military has been training them as underwater operatives since 1959. Naval scientists first began researching bottlenose dolphins and how they swim in part to create better torpedoes, but quickly expanded to training, sending the first skilled dolphins to guard ships and perform surveillance in Vietnamese waters in 1965. By the early 1990s, the dolphin program — initially kept secret — was so successful that the U.S. Navy relied on more than 100 of the animals to transport tools to underwater crews and patrol naval bases in the Persian Gulf and elsewhere. The Navy’s Marine Mammal Program was officially declassified in 1992, but dolphins are still important military members. Their use of sonar (echolocation) makes them especially adept at mine-clearing tasks, in which they’re trained to distinguish (from a safe distance) between naturally occurring ocean features and human-made items that could be bombs, and then tag the locations for human divers to examine.
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Original photo by ANURAK PONGPATIMET/ Shutterstock
In many countries, a baby’s first birthday marks a joyous milestone for parents, honoring the many months of sleepless nights and hard work involved in welcoming a new family member. But in some places — like South Korea — babies are already considered 1 year old at birth. Korean culture calculates age in three different ways, and the oldest and most traditional way (often called “Korean age”) may have gotten its start by accounting for the time spent in utero, rounding up a nine-month gestation to a full year.
“Happy Birthday to You” was originally written for kindergarteners.
Teacher Patty Smith Hill and her sister, pianist Mildred Jane Hill, are credited with composing the song, though its original words were “good morning to you,” welcoming students to class. The duo crafted the simple melody so it would be easy for young singers to learn.
Under this measurement, everyone gains another year of age on January 1, regardless of their actual birth date — meaning it’s possible for a baby born on December 31 to turn 2 years old the following day. Yet individual birthdays are still recorded and celebrated; in fact, South Korea has used the “international age” system that counts age by date of birth for medical and administrative purposes since 1962. A third age-counting method acts as a compromise between accuracy and culture: Babies are born at age 0, but gain a year on New Year’s Day.
Knowing someone’s age is culturally important in Korea; it’s tied to language, impacting how people address their elders and interact on social occasions. However, the traditional method of determining age does cause some confusion when it comes to administering medications, vaccinations, and health care procedures that are determined by one’s years, and has also caused issues with legal disputes. In December 2022, the South Korean government passed laws that standardized the use of international age, meaning many Koreans will technically become one to two years younger.
In Korean culture, blood types are used to determine compatibility.
Knowing your blood type is just as important as knowing your age in South Korea, where many people believe it can make or break a relationship. For nearly 100 years, Koreans have associated personality traits with blood types in the same way believers of astrology use birth dates to understand someone’s identity. People with Type A blood supposedly have a hard time trusting others but are highly creative, while Type Bs are known for being passionate and independent. People with AB blood types are categorized as rational introverts, while Type Os are often considered natural leaders. Many scientists say there’s no known link between a person’s blood type and their personality, though the idea has taken hold in Korean pop culture, featured as a plot point in books and movies.
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Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
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Cracker Jack’s early marketing warned prospective customers about the effects of the product. “Do not taste it,” one 1896 article cautioned. “If you do, you will part with your money easy.” Some historians believe that the caramel-coated popcorn and peanut treat jump-started the American snack food industry around the turn of the 20th century. It may even hold the title of the country’s first junk food, though the types of junk food popular today didn’t make their appearances until the 1950s. It all started with Chicago candy and popcorn peddlers Frederick and Louis Rueckheim, German immigrants who crafted a nonsticky caramelized popcorn as a way to stand out from other popcorn vendors. Their version — with a sweet, crunchy coating that was different from the salted popcorn and kettle corn available at the time — became a hit after it was mass-produced in 1896.
The “Take Me Out to the Ball Game” songwriter had never seen a baseball game.
Jack Norworth’s most famous tune was scrawled on an envelope during a subway ride in 1908, though the writer wasn’t on his way to a baseball game — he’d never even been to a professional one. Music publisher Albert von Tilzer, who penned the melody, also hadn’t seen a game.
It was a song, however, that helped cement Cracker Jack’s snack status. In 1908, songwriter Jack Norworth — entirely unknown to the Rueckheims — composed “Take Me Out to the Ball Game” after seeing an advertisement for an upcoming game. The song, which mentions the snack by name, led to a surge in sales that forever linked Cracker Jack with sports. Four years later, the Rueckheims sweetened their popcorn business with a marketing gimmick that would eventually be replicated by cereal brands, fast-food restaurants, and candymakers for decades to come: a toy in every box. By 1916, Cracker Jack was the bestselling snack worldwide.
Before Sailor Jack, Cracker Jack’s original mascots were teddy bears.
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Popcorn was once banned in movie theaters.
It may feel like popcorn and movies have always gone hand-in-hand — except that at one time, they were a contested combo. Americans experienced a 19th-century popcorn boom; by 1848, it was common fare at circuses and street fairs. But when movie theaters emerged in the early 1900s, they tried to align themselves with upscale stages, creating lavish interiors with fine carpets and furniture that could be messied by patrons’ snacks. Plus, theater owners believed popcorn munching would be too distracting at a time when filmgoers were focused on reading silent film subtitles. (Neither argument seemed to deter theatergoers, who snuck in snacks anyway.) Everything changed when the Great Depression hit; by the 1930s, theaters were seeing as many as 90 million visitors per week, and serving inexpensive popcorn was one way to generate extra money in a rough economy. That change worked in favor of big-screen owners (and popcorn producers): By 1945, more than half of popcorn eaten in the U.S. was sold at movie theaters.
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Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
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The jaws of a crocodile are an amazing specimen of evolution. With a second jaw joint unlike anything found in mammals, a crocodile can spread the force of its tremendous bite throughout its mouth. In fact, crocodiles have the most powerful chomp in the animal kingdom, at 3,700 pounds per square inch for a saltwater crocodile — 30 times the force of a human bite. But that’s not the only interesting thing about a crocodile’s mouth: Their tongues are incapable of getting between those devastating jaws thanks to being permanently rooted to the floor of their mouths. A crocodile’s tongue is also held in place by a membrane attached to the roof in the back of the mouth, which keeps the throat closed when the animal is submerged.
Crocodiles are found on every habitable continent except Europe. As the planet started cooling some 50 million years ago, cold-blooded crocodiles retreated to warmer climates, leaving Europe (and also Antarctica) without any native crocodilians.
A crocodile’s immobile mouth muscle isn’t a new trait — its most famous ancient ancestor, the Tyrannosaurus rex, also couldn’t move its tongue (a fact Jurassic Park got very wrong). Researchers in 2018 compared the T. rex’s hyoid bones, the bones responsible for supporting the tongue, to those of modern birds and alligators, and found they exhibited tongue inhibition like the kind seen in modern crocodilians. The king of dinosaurs likely had an immovable tongue for similar reasons. With a bite that delivered 12,800 pounds of force per inch — four times that of even the crocodile — T. rex biology made sure to keep crucial body parts (i.e., the tongue) out of the way of the most powerful bite to ever walk the Earth.
Giraffe tongues are unique in the animal kingdom because they’re prehensile.
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Crocodiles actually do cry “crocodile tears.”
When someone is feigning sadness, they’re sometimes said to be “crying crocodile tears.” This phrase linking crocodiles to their often teary-eyed display occurs in literature over the past several centuries. One of its earliest mentions appears inThe Voyage and Travels of Sir John Mandeville, published in the 14th century, which says, “these serpents slay men, and they eat them weeping.” Even William Shakespeare makes note of crocodile tears in Othello. Crocodiles do “cry,” but it’s mainly to keep their eyes lubricated if they’ve been out of water for long periods. In 2007, a zoologist from the University of Florida also proved that crocodiles weep when snacking, but theorized that the tears come from forced airflow (from a croc’s copious hissing and huffing), which in turn affects the reptile’s tear glands.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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The history of technology is filled with happy accidents. Penicillin, Popsicles, and Velcro? All accidents. But perhaps the scientific stroke of luck that most influences our day-to-day domestic life is the invention of the microwave oven. Today, 90% of American homes have a microwave, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, but before World War II, no such device — or even an inkling of one — existed.
Chocolate originated in what is now modern-day Belgium.
Although Belgium is now known for chocolate, the story of the sweet stuff begins in Mexico. Around 1900 BCE, the Mokaya, a pre-Olmec civilization, was likely the first to turn the cacao plant into chocolate. However, they consumed it as a drink — chocolate bars arrived much later.
During the war, Allied forces gained a significant tactical advantage by deploying the world’s first true radar system. The success of this system increased research into microwaves and the magnetrons (a type of electron tube) that generate them.
One day circa 1946, Percy Spencer, an engineer and all-around magnetron expert, was working at the aerospace and defense company Raytheon when he stepped in front of an active radar set. To his surprise, microwaves produced from the radar melted a chocolate bar (or by some accounts, a peanut cluster bar) in his pocket. After getting over his shock — and presumably cleaning up — and then conducting a few more experiments using eggs and popcorn kernels, Spencer realized that microwaves could be used to cook a variety of foods. Raytheon patented the invention a short time later, and by 1947, the company had released its first microwave. It took decades for the technology to improve, and prices to drop, before microwaves were affordable for the average consumer, but soon enough they grew into one of the most ubiquitous appliances in today’s kitchens.
The first microwave oven was called the RadaRange and weighed 750 pounds.
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The discovery of evidence for the big bang was also an accident.
In 1964 at Bell Labs outside Holmdel, New Jersey, radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were frustrated with their antenna. The sensitive equipment was picking up a persistent buzzing noise that the pair first thought might be coming from the machine itself, nearby New York City, or even pigeons nesting in the antenna. However, once every explanation appeared to be accounted for, the two astronomers still detectedthe hum no matter where they pointed the antenna in the sky. After speaking with astronomers at Princeton University, the duo realized that they had actually detected the cosmic microwave background, which is leftover radiation from the big bang and evidence for the very beginning of the universe some 13.8 billion years ago. Fourteen years later, Penzias and Wilson were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their groundbreaking — and serendipitous — discovery.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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