Should you ever come across an Academy Award on eBay, there’s a good chance it shouldn’t be there. That’s because Oscar winners aren’t allowed to sell their statuettes without first offering them back to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the nominal fee of $1, which is meant to maintain their prestige. As the Academy’s official regulations explain, honorees “have no rights whatsoever in the Academy copyright or goodwill in the Oscar statuette or in its trademark and service mark registrations” and “shall not sell or otherwise dispose of the Oscar statuette, nor permit it to be sold or disposed of by operation of law” before first giving the Academy the chance to buy it back. Presumably, the Academy always accepts that $1 offer in order to protect the brand, though it’s not clear how often, if ever, it’s actually happened.
Both “The Godfather Part II” (1974) and “The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King” (2003) won Best Picture. Just as impressive, all three films in both trilogies were nominated for Best Picture — and the original “Godfather” won it as well.
The rule is strictly enforced, with winners having to sign a contract before taking possession of their statuette. It also applies to their family members and descendants. Not everyone has abided by it, however. To take just one example: The trophy awarded to art director Joseph C. Wright, who won for his work on 1942’s My Gal Sal, was sold to an auction house for $79,200 in 2015. This led to the Academy winning a lawsuit enforcing the rule — and likely discouraging any future honorees from trying to break it.
The first person presented with an Oscar was German actor Emil Jannings.
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The Oscars weren’t televised until 1953.
For nearly 25 years, you had to be in the room to truly know what went down at the Oscars. That changed on March 19, 1953, when NBC aired the ceremony live from the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood. Bob Hope hosted, something he went on to do a record-setting 19 times. Prior to that, the Academy Awards were broadcast on the radio — except for the first ceremony, a private affair that lasted just 15 minutes and was exceptionally undramatic, given the fact that the winners had been announced several months earlier.
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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With an ever-expanding catalogue of more than 171 million items occupying 838 miles of bookshelves, the Library of Congress is the largest library on the planet as measured by collection size. Its prodigious holdings include more than 40 million books and other print materials, 74 million manuscripts, and the largest collection of rare books in North America. Old King Cole, which is about a millimeter tall (tinier than a grain of rice), is the library’s smallest book, while a 5-by-7-foot collection of photos of Bhutan is the largest.
The Library of Congress is the country’s oldest cultural institution.
Founded in 1800, the library predates every other federal cultural institution in the U.S. — it's so old, in fact, that it was brought into existence by the same bill that relocated the capital to Washington, D.C., from Philadelphia.
The library doesn't just house printed materials, of course. It contains everything from the contents of Abraham Lincoln’s pockets on the night he was assassinated to hundreds of billions of tweets and Amelia Earhart’s palm print. The British Library and its massive catalogue is next on the list of the world’s largest libraries, with the top five rounded out by the New York Public Library, Library and Archives Canada, and the Russian State Library.
The Library of Congress was first proposed by James Madison.
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The original library was burned down in the War of 1812.
The Library of Congress was comparatively tiny for the first 14 years of its existence, but that didn’t make it any less tragic when its collection of 3,000 books was destroyed along with the Capitol building on August 24, 1814. The conflagration that took it down, part of the War of 1812, necessitated a new location. Enter Thomas Jefferson, who offered his own collection of 6,487 books (then the largest personal library in the nation) as a replacement for the lost volumes. Though he didn’t do so for free — Congress paid him $23,950 — Jefferson did provide the foundation for what the library would eventually become. Sadly, a second fire destroyed most of his contribution as well as nearly two-thirds of the entire collection on Christmas Eve 1851, but the institution rose from the ashes once again.
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” is a motto that works well for Rome. Because of the incredibly advanced craftsmanship of ancient Rome’s architects, as well as their remarkably long-lasting building materials (more on that below), many of the ancient empire’s most marvelous construction projects can still be seen by millions of tourists today — some 6 million people visit the Colosseum each year alone. However, the most amazing engineering achievement might be Rome’s eye-catching aqueducts, one of which still supplies Rome with water millennia after it was built.
Rome has more water fountains than any other city in the world.
As befits Rome’s millennia-long history of being at the forefront of water engineering, the Italian capital still boasts more fountains than any other city in the world. Although estimates for the number of fountains run as high as 3,000 and beyond, many are no longer in use.
While the Romans didn’t invent the aqueduct — primitive irrigation systems can be found in Egyptian, Assyrian, and Babylonian history — Roman architects perfected the idea. In 312 BCE, the famed Roman leader Appius Claudius Caecus erected the first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, which brought water to the growing population of the Roman Republic. Today, the Acqua Vergine — first built during the reign of Emperor Augustus in 19 BCE as the Aqua Virgo — still supplies Rome with water more than 2,000 years after its construction (though it’s been through several restorations).
The main reason for the aqueduct’s longevity, along with that of many of Rome’s ancient buildings, is its near-miraculous recipe for concrete. An analysis by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered that Roman concrete could essentially self-heal due to its lime clasts (small mineral chunks) and a process known as “hot mixing” (mixing in the lime at extremely high temperatures). Today, researchers are studying how the material functioned in the hopes of applying secrets from the “Eternal City” to today’s building materials.
The famous Trevi fountain is one of the end points of the Acqua Vergine aqueduct.
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New York’s Croton Aqueduct, built in 1842, was based on ancient Roman engineering.
The fall of Rome in the fifth century coincided with a decline in sanitary conditions in many of the world’s cities. By the 18th and 19th centuries, disease ran rampant due to poor sanitation and water management. One of the first aqueducts in the U.S. was the Croton Aqueduct, designed by engineer John B. Jervis, which provided fresh water for the growing metropolis of New York City. Although ancient Rome’s last aqueduct had been built some 1,600 years prior, Jervis based his design on these impressive examples of engineering, and the aqueduct similarly used simple gravity to carry water 41 miles from the Croton River to reservoirs in Manhattan. Upon its completion in 1842, the aqueduct drastically improved health and hygiene in New York City and continued providing the booming metropolis with fresh water until it was decommissioned in 1955.
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If you ever wondered how everyone’s favorite not-quite-planet got its name, rest assured that the answer has nothing to do with Mickey Mouse’s dog. Discovered in 1930 and now considered a dwarf planet — a downgraded designation that fans call a grave injustice — Pluto first came to the attention of a young Brit named Venetia Burney via her grandfather, who read a newspaper article about its discovery to her on the morning of March 14, 1930. An unusually bright 11-year-old whose knowledge of celestial objects was surpassed only by her passion for classical mythology, Burney simply said, “Why not call it Pluto?” (Pluto was an ancient Greek god of the underworld.)
Neither Mercury nor Venus has any natural satellites, most likely because they’re too close to the sun. Any moon too far from them would likely be captured by the sun, and one too close would be destroyed by tidal gravitational forces.
Most children’s suggestions on topics such as this wouldn’t travel beyond their own breakfast table, but most children aren’t the granddaughter of a retired Oxford University librarian who happens to know a well-placed astronomer. “I think PLUTO excellent!!,” that astronomer responded to the grandfather’s suggestion, before passing along the idea to his colleagues at the observatory in Arizona who had discovered the “dark and gloomy” planet. The astronomers voted unanimously in favor of it. Seventy-eight years later, in 2008, the wholesome astronomical episode was the subject of a short documentary that no less an authority than Burney herself deemed “a masterpiece.”
The smallest planet in the solar system is Mercury.
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Many astronomers believe there’s a “real” ninth planet.
Disrespect to Pluto notwithstanding, a growing number of researchers have theorized the existence of a “real” ninth planet — and found evidence that it exists. With a “bizarre, highly elongated orbit” and mass perhaps 10 times that of Earth, the hypothetical heavenly body might be easy to find were it not for the fact that it’s thought to be 20 times farther from the sun than Neptune (and much farther away than Pluto). It could take 7,400 Earth years for Planet Nine to fully orbit the center of our solar system, whereas Pluto takes just 248. Skeptics suggest that Planet Nine doesn’t exist, however, and attempts to locate it have thus far proven unsuccessful.
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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Drive down the highway in Nova Scotia, Canada, some 30 minutes northeast of Halifax, and you’ll run into a trio of odd street names. Just down the street from the Porters Lake Community Center, at the tip of a peninsula jutting out into nearby Porters Lake, are This Street, That Street, and The Other Street, obviously referencing the well-worn idiom “this, that, and the other.” Strange as these street names may seem, the 3,200 or so residents of Porters Lake would find common ground with Americans in Culver, Oregon, who named two of their streets “This Way Lane” and “That Way Lane.” (Meanwhile, in a somewhat similar vein, attendees of the Tennessee music festival Bonnaroo have to Abbott & Costello their way around What Stage, Which Stage, This Tent, That Tent, and The Other Tent.)
You can now tell someone how to get to Sesame Street. In 2019, New York City officially renamed a stretch of West 63rd Street near Broadway as “Sesame Street.” For more than 50 years, the nonprofit Sesame Workshop has been headquartered near the intersection of 63rd and Broadway.
Canada is known for places with unusual monikers. For example, in Iqaluit, the capital city of Nunavut, there’s a street called the “Road to Nowhere.” In Ottawa, there’s Scully Way and Mulder Avenue, a nod to the hit TV series X-Files; the neighborhood even held a block party for the show’s 20th anniversary in 2013. Also in the pop culture realm, the Alberta town of Vulcan leans heavily into its Star Trek connection with a visitor’s center that looks like a space station, and even received a visit from Mr. Spock himself, Leonard Nimoy, who led a parade there in 2010. Then there’s Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Québec — reportedly the only town in the world with two exclamation points in its name. The reason for the exclamation points is far from clear, although by one (dubious) account the French trappers who founded the town exclaimed “Ha! Ha!” in joy when they discovered its beautiful scenery.
Park is the most popular street name in the U.S. that isn’t a number.
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Nova Scotia is home to the highest tides in the world.
Not every tide is created equal. Take, for example, the Bay of Fundy, which separates the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Due to the bay’s funnel-esque shape and a geographical anomaly called “tidal resonance,” where a wave pushing in from the ocean to a bay takes the same amount of time to hit the farthest shore and return to the ocean as your typical tidal period (around 12.5 hours), the Bay of Fundy experiences extraordinary tidal extremes. Whereas your typical average for an ocean tidal range — the difference between low and high tide — is about 3 feet, in the Bay of Fundy the difference is upwards of 56 feet (and during storm surges, it can be even higher). Because of this enormous difference, more than 160 billion tons of water enter and exit the bay with every tide. That’s more flowing water than all the world’s freshwater rivers combined.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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Modern English wouldn’t be the same without William Shakespeare. Thanks to the Bard’s plays and sonnets, more than 1,700 words have been added to our language. But Shakespeare did more than just spice up the dictionary; he also may have invented one of the world’s greatest (or worst) comedy setups — the knock-knock joke. Strangely, the joke isn’t found in one of Shakespeare’s masterful comedies. Instead, it’s embedded within one of his darkest, most intense works.
While the Bard did include a “maternal insult” joke in his play “Titus Andronicus,” a Babylonian student etched the first known “Yo Mama” joke on a tablet 3,500 years ago. The damaged tablet was deciphered in 2012, but sadly the punchline has been lost to history.
The beginning of Act 2, Scene 3 of Macbeth, after the tortured title character has just killed King Duncan, is known as the “porter scene.” It opens with a drunken porter (or gatekeeper) at Macbeth’s castle hearing a distant knock, pretending to be the porter of “hell-gate,” and saying, “Knock, knock, knock, who’s there?” Adding a bit of comic relief, the porter imagines the arrival of a farmer, an equivocator, and a tailor, using the same “knock-knock” construction each time. Although there’s none of the eye-rolling wordplay central to the modern knock-knock joke, this is the first known reference to a “knock, knock/who’s there” sentence structure in the context of comic relief. Yet it wasn’t until the 1930s that the modern knock-knock joke really caught on, as a reassuringly predictable form of comedy during the Great Depression. In other words, across its 400-year history, it seems the knock-knock joke has a knack for bringing levity to dark times.
National Knock-Knock Joke Day occurs each year on October 31.
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Macbeth was a real person, but quite unlike Shakespeare’s depiction.
Mac Bethad mac Findláich, also known as Macbeth, was born around 1005 in Scotland. In August 1040, Macbeth killed King Duncan I to become king of Scotland — but that’s where any similarities end with Shakespeare’s famous work. Macbeth wasn’t tortured by his actions, as far as we know: Instead, he flourished as king for more than a decade, ruling magnanimously, imposing order, and even pulling off a few successful military campaigns. So where did the Bard’s portrayal come from? Shakespeare, along with his contemporaries Christopher Marlowe and Edmund Spenser, based much of their work on the 16th-century English historical text known as “Holinshed’s Chronicles.” Modern historians have identified this chronicle as pretty inaccurate thanks to tensions among its multiple authors, each with different religious backgrounds, among other issues. “Holinshed’s Chronicles” is the reason behind Shakespeare’s monstrous-looking Richard III, and why Macbeth is such a tormented soul.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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In addition to their spots and long necks, giraffes have another distinguishing feature: their tongues are often dark purple. Whereas most animals have fully pink tongues, a giraffe’s is infused with melanin that makes it darker — sometimes it’s even blue or black rather than purple — although the base and back are indeed pink. And while it hasn’t been proven definitively, the most widely accepted theory is that the melanin provides ultraviolet protection, preventing giraffe tongues from getting sunburned while the animals feed on tall trees. Giraffe tongues are also long (up to 21 inches) and covered in thick bumps known as papillae, which help protect them from the spiky defensive thorns of the animal’s favorite snack: acacia trees.
Not unlike human fingerprints, giraffe spot patterns are unique. The different species and subspecies are partially distinguished by the typical shape of their spots, however.
Giraffes aren’t the only creatures with darker tongues, of course; okapis, polar bears, impalas, and chow chow dogs have them as well, among other animals. However, giraffes are distinguished from their purple-tongued friends not only by their status as the world’s tallest mammal, but also because they give birth standing up. Newborn giraffes fall to the ground from a height of more than five feet, not that they mind — they can stand within half an hour and run within 10 hours, usually alongside their doting (and similarly dark-tongued) mother.
Giraffes have extremely high blood pressure — and it isn’t a problem.
When it comes to most living creatures, hypertension is a serious health issue. By virtue of their extreme height, however, high blood pressure is not only a good thing for giraffes, but an essential part of their biology — a way for their hearts to overcome gravity and pump blood up their long necks. In order to maintain a blood pressure of 110 over 70 at the brain, a normal number for a large mammal, giraffes need a blood pressure at the heart of roughly 220 over 180. That number would be beyond concerning to your cardiologist, as lower than 120 over 80 is considered healthy for humans. Giraffes’ cardiovascular strength is of great interest to scientists, who have marveled at their resilience — and tried to see what lessons we might learn from it.
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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For about 37 years of its history, the U.S. has been without a second-in-command. Before the passage of the 25th Amendment in 1967, there was no procedure for filling the role if a commander in chief died in office. Instead, there just wasn’t a VP if that happened — at least not until the next presidential election. Thanks to this legislative quirk, John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Chester Arthur (all VPs under a President who died in office) served their entire presidential terms without a Vice President.
National elections are held on Tuesdays in early November thanks to 19th-century farmers.
When the U.S. came up with a nationwide voting day in 1845, they picked November — a month when farmers were done harvesting but before winter set in. Tuesday allowed farmers (who often had long trips to polling sites) to go to church on Sunday and to market day on Wednesday.
Other Presidents have gone without VPs for at least part of their terms, whether through resignation (two) or because their veeps died in office (seven). The first VP vacancy occurred in 1812, when George Clinton, President James Madison’s running mate, died in office. Strangely, Madison’s VP pick for his second term also died in office, after serving only about 20 months. The last executive shuffle occurred during the Nixon administration in 1973–74, when Spiro Agnew and Richard Nixon both resigned (Agnew about nine months before Nixon, amid tax evasion and corruption charges). Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to replace Agnew, and after Nixon himself resigned in August 1974 following the Watergate scandal, Ford became the first and only President never elected by the U.S. people. Ford left the vice presidency vacant for several months until Nelson Rockefeller finally filled the position on December 19, 1974. Since then, the U.S. has never been without a veep.
The political term “gerrymandering” is named for fifth Vice President Elbridge Gerry.
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The vice presidency used to be a consolation prize.
We’re used to seeing a presidential ticket featuring one person aiming for the top job and their running mate, but for the first three U.S. administrations, that wasn’t how things worked. In the beginning, the vice presidency was given to the candidate who came in second in the presidential election. During the nation’s first election, in 1789, electors (members of the Electoral College) voted for two people to be President. General George Washington received 69 votes, but fellow founding father John Adams received 34, enough to secure the second-place spot and, in turn, the vice presidency. But pretty quickly — and especially as U.S. political parties began to form — this system displayed a fatal flaw: It forced men who had been bitter rivals to work right next to each other. In 1796, Thomas Jefferson became Adams’ Vice President after tallying the second-most votes, but the two were from opposing parties (with Adams a Federalist and Jefferson a Democratic-Republican). By 1803, Congress had become convinced that the vice presidency needed a tweak, which came in the form of the 12th Amendment — a change that allowed electors to cast a separate vote for President and Vice President, which ensured that both leaders came from the same party.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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Original photo by Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/ Alamy Stock Photo
Before founding the animation studio that bears his name, Walt Disney was a commercial artist in Kansas City, Missouri. It was there, around 1919, that he began making hand-drawn cel animations of his own, which were screened in a local theater and dubbed “Laugh-O-Grams.” The studio he acquired following his cartoons’ success had the same moniker, but it was a short-lived venture — Laugh-O-Gram’s seven-minute fairy tales and other works were popular with audiences, but financial troubles forced Disney to declare bankruptcy in 1923.
Intriguing though it may be to think otherwise, “Disney on Ice” is just a show. Not unlike Elvis still being alive and Paul McCartney being replaced by a look-alike, this odd urban legend has persisted for decades despite being based on nothing more than tabloid rumors.
Disney, his brother Roy, and cartoonist Ub Iwerks moved to Hollywood the same year and founded Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, which quickly changed its name to Walt Disney Studios at Roy’s behest. Had it not been for Laugh-O-Gram, however, it’s likely that Disney’s most famous creation would never have been born. The inspiration for Mickey Mouse came from a brown mouse who frequented his Kansas City studio trash basket — a “timid little guy” Disney was so fond of that before leaving for Hollywood, he “carefully carried him to a backyard, making sure it was a nice neighborhood,” at which point “the tame little fellow scampered to freedom.”
Walt Disney was the original voice of Mickey Mouse.
For the first 20 years of his existence, Mickey Mouse was voiced by none other than Walt Disney himself. The world was introduced to Mickey in 1928’s animated short Steamboat Willie, though Disney produced two prior shorts featuring Mickey that same year, Plane Crazy and Gallopin’ Gaucho, which weren’t picked up by distributors. Steamboat was the first of these to feature sound, though Mickey didn’t utter his first actual words (“Hot dogs!”) until the following year’s The Karnival Kid. The last regular short Disney lent his vocal talents to was 1947’s Fun and Fancy Free, though 2013’s Get a Horse! patched together previous recordings to once again feature him as the voice of his most famous creation.
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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Inspiration can come from the unlikeliest of places. While living in Jamaica in the early 1950s, author Ian Fleming was in search of a name for the secret agent main character in his new book, Casino Royale. “I wanted to find a name which wouldn’t have any romantic overtones,” Fleming later said. “I wanted a really flat, quiet name.”
The film “Thunderball” is named after Ian Fleming’s estate in Jamaica.
The 1995 film “GoldenEye” is named for Fleming’s estate in Jamaica, where he wrote his Bond novels. The name may be a reference to a WWII operation he oversaw as a British naval intelligence officer.
Fleming was an avid bird-watcher, and one of his favorite books was Birds of the West Indies, written by American ornithologist James Bond. “I thought, ‘Well, James Bond, that’s a pretty quiet name,’” Fleming continued, “so I simply stole it and used it.” For years, Bond (who actually went by Jim) had no idea that his name adorned a series of spy novels, but as the popularity of the books grew — and particularly after the premiere of the first 007 film, Dr. No, in 1962, turned Bond into a bonafide pop culture phenomenon — the ornithologist learned about his moniker’s double life. Fleming eventually apologized to Bond, offering his own name for “a particularly horrible species of bird” if Bond ever discovered one. The two met on February 5, 1964, when Jim Bond and his wife showed up at Fleming’s house while on a trip to Jamaica, and left as friends. Fleming even gave Bond a signed copy of the then-unreleased novel You Only Live Twice, inscribed “to the real James Bond.”
Ornithologist Jim Bond’s great-grandfather designed the Brooklyn Bridge.
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The inspiration behind James Bond’s code name, 007, remains a mystery.
A 16th-century occultist. A Rudyard Kipling short story. A British bus line. The international dialing code for Russia. A hotel room number. All of these things have been suggested as the inspiration behind Bond’s numerical nickname, 007. In the universe of the novels, the double-0 prefix denotes Bond’s “license to kill,” and the most compelling evidence for its real-world origin also comes from the spy world. In one of his last interviews, Fleming said that he borrowed the “00” because “in the Admiralty, all top-secret signals had the double-0 prefix” at the beginning of WWII. Sounds good, but what about the “7”? Some have posited that it came from part of a code used to encrypt the famous 1917 “Zimmerman Telegram,” in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann made secret overtures to Mexico calling for an alliance against the U.S. (British decryption of the telegram was considered a major triumph and part of the reason the initially neutral U.S. finally entered the war.) Others think that “7” is just a lucky number. Whatever the case, it makes sense that an international man of mystery has an equally mysterious code name.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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