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While the teddy bear has been cherished by generations of children since the early 20th century, its designation as Mississippi's state toy has more to do with the stuffed animal's origins than any particularly special affection lingering in the hearts of Magnolia State residents. 

In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt went on a bear hunting trip near Onward, Mississippi, but had very little luck bagging a big game trophy. Nevertheless, the Rough Rider wasn't one to take the easy way out, and his refusal to shoot a captured black bear became national news by way of a Clifford Berryman cartoon in The Washington Post. From there, a Brooklyn candy shop owner began mass marketing "Teddy's Bear." Stuffed bears designed by the German doll company Steiff also helped make the plush toy a hot item in the United States. 

Every U.S. state has at least one official song.

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New Jersey is the lone state without a song. Although Jersey-born songwriter Red Mascara’s ditty "I'm From New Jersey" was approved for the purpose by the state Legislature in 1972, Governor William Cahill pronounced his dislike for the song and vetoed the bill.

Fast-forward a century later, when longtime Mississippi teacher and librarian Sarah Doxey-Tate set about drumming up formal recognition of the teddy bear as the state toy to celebrate the centennial of President Roosevelt's hunting trip and his conservationist principles. The cause was taken up by legions of letter-writing schoolchildren and Representative Steve Holland, who introduced a bill in January 2002 in the Mississippi Legislature to honor the teddy. The bill passed the House in unanimous fashion, and while two state senators were grumpy enough to give a thumbs-down, there was no slowing the momentum that propelled the snuggly stuffed bear to the status of official state toy that March.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Estimated number of bears in Mississippi
150
Rough length (in feet) of the world’s largest teddy bear
63
National parks created during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency
5
Bills drafted in the Mississippi Legislature in 2019
2,876

A person who loves teddy bears is known as an ______.

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A person who loves teddy bears is known as an arctophile.

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Maryland's official state sport is jousting.

Officials tend to go with a choice reflective of the region when it comes to declaring a state food, flower, or animal — so how did Maryland wind up with the medieval pastime of jousting as its state sport? Jousting apparently made the transatlantic leap soon after the colony of Maryland began in 1634, but its staying power is in large part due to the tournaments that served as fundraisers in farming communities after the Civil War. Established as the state sport in 1962, jousting remains the focus of regional clubs and exhibitions, although competitions now take the form of using a lance to snare dangling rings instead of goring opponents. Meanwhile, residents who aren’t inclined to climb on a horse can exhibit their state pride by partaking in other activities: Lacrosse was named the official team sport in 2004, reflecting the success of Maryland schools like Johns Hopkins University, while walking became the state’s official exercise in 2008.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

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Anyone familiar with the Great Lakes can tell you there are five of them: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. But actually, there aren’t, quite. Lakes Michigan and Huron are technically one body of water, as the Straits of Mackinac connect them to form a single hydrologic system. At 3.5 miles wide and just 295 feet deep at its deepest point, the waterway is easy to miss on a map when studying the whole system of Great Lakes. The lakes span a total of 94,250 square miles across eight U.S. states (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin), plus Ontario, Canada.

Only one Great Lake lies entirely within the U.S.

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Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that doesn’t reach into Canada. Despite its name, parts of it also border Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana.

When taken together, Lake Michigan-Huron is the world’s largest freshwater lake by area. Even the smallest Great Lake, Ontario, is still the 13th-largest lake in the world. More than 90% of America’s surface fresh water is found in the Great Lakes, which are the primary water source for some 40 million people as well as the largest freshwater system in the world.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Jobs created by the Great Lakes
1.5 million
U.S. states in the Great Lakes region
8
Estimated age (in years) of Lake Erie
10,000
Percentage of the world’s fresh water in the Great Lakes
20%

The largest of the Great Lakes is ______.

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The largest of the Great Lakes is Lake Superior.

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Lake Michigan has its own Bermuda Triangle.

Tales of the Bermuda Triangle have unsettled and mystified travelers for decades, but less well known is the Lake Michigan Triangle, whose three points touch two cities in Michigan (Ludington and Benton Harbor) and one in Wisconsin (Manitowoc). It was first mentioned in the 1977 book The Great Lakes Triangle, which claims the Great Lakes “account for more unexplained disappearances per unit area than the Bermuda Triangle.” This includes a number of disappearances, shipwrecks, and plane crashes that have occurred in the Great Lakes, with Northwest Airlines Flight 2501 being among the most notable (and inexplicable). Everything from the Great Lakes’ strange size to electromagnetic oddities have been cited as theories for these strange phenomena, whose true nature will likely be debated for some time to come.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

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In 1964, New Hampshire unveiled a statewide lottery, which remains the oldest legal lottery in the U.S. While 44 additional states have since debuted lottos of their own, there are still five states where playing the lottery is illegal: Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah.

For Alabama and Utah, the anti-lottery stance has religious roots, as some influential church leaders believe gambling to be sinful behavior. Back in 1998, incoming Alabama Governor Don Siegelman voiced his support for a statewide lotto to help raise funds for education — but that idea was struck down by voters in a 1999 referendum, an outcome that is largely attributed to vocal opposition from church groups. In Utah, an estimated 42% of the population is Mormon, a religious ideology opposed to gambling. Due to these demographics, the pro-lottery movement in Utah has made little progress.

The world’s first modern state-run lottery was in Belgium.

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While there are traces of lotteries in ancient history, the first documented national lottery with characteristics similar to present-day lottos was in Bruges, Belgium, in 1441. The oldest continuously operating state lottery is in the Netherlands, where the Staatsloterij has run since 1726.

According to an article from Alaska’s News Source, Alaskan lawmakers worry instituting a lottery would “have some negative impact on current state-regulated charitable gaming activities,” which help support many local nonprofits. As for Hawaii, there are concerns that the lottery may disproportionately affect poor communities and encourage addiction, which is why it’s still illegal despite widespread public support. Then there’s Nevada, which instituted a ban on selling lottery tickets when its state constitution was written back in 1864. That provision is still in place today and is likely to stay due to the Silver State’s powerful casino lobby, which considers the state lottery competition and opposes any efforts to make it legal.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Largest national jackpot ever won
$2.05 billion
Odds of winning the Powerball jackpot
1:292,200,000
Year Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” was published
1948
States where lottery jackpot winners can remain anonymous
16

The first English monarch to hold a state lottery was ______.

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The first English monarch to hold a state lottery was Elizabeth I.

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A Romanian economist won the lottery 14 times.

Stefan Mandel is a statistical genius who won the lottery an astonishing 14 times, all due to his clever strategy: printing tickets at home and then buying them in bulk. Mandel figured out that in order to win, you had to calculate every possible number combination and then raise enough cash to buy millions of tickets with those numbers. Once he’d secured the money, Mandel printed the tickets and delivered them to authorized lottery vendors for purchase, after which he waited until his winning number was inevitably called.

After winning multiple jackpots in Romania and Australia, Mandel set his sights on the Virginia state lottery in 1992. He established the International Lotto Fund and gathered money from 2,560 investors, then hired 16 employees to print millions of tickets. In the end, Mandel found himself in possession of a winning ticket worth $27,036,142 (around $60 million today). While he was later subject to several investigations, he was found to have committed no legal wrongdoing and was ultimately awarded the money he won.

Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer

Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Inbox Studio, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.

Original photo by Cavan Images/ Alamy Stock Photo

To be a snowman is to live a life of extreme impermanence. During the coldest parts of the season, these snowy beings take shape on lawns across the world, but by the spring, they’re all but forgotten. However, one snowperson avoided this date with oblivion by entering the history books as the tallest snowman, or rather snowwoman, ever made. Built with 13 million pounds of snow in 2008 in Bethel, Maine, the 122-foot-tall snowwoman was named Olympia in honor of the state’s U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe. “I have to say I’ve joked that it’s just my luck I’d have a world record-breaking monument named after me and it will be gone by summer,” Snowe said at the time.

The first evidence of snowmen dates to the 19th century.

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The earliest evidence of snowmen comes from the Middle Ages. A sketch of a snowman from 1380 was found in the Book of Hours, a Christian prayer book, in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, Netherlands.

Bethel residents needed to greatly exaggerate a snowperson’s usually quaint features to complete their creation. In this case, Olympia’s smile was made from car tires, each of her arms was a 25-foot-long spruce tree, and her red stocking cap was 20 feet in diameter and hand-knit by middle school students. Oh, and those lovely eyelashes? Alpine skis. 

Bethel previously earned the title of world’s tallest snowman when the town constructed the 113-foot-tall Angus (named after then-governor of Maine Angus King) in 1999. But Olympia surpassed her forebear, and still holds the Guinness record for the world’s tallest snowperson at the time of writing. However, the record may not hold for long. In 2020, a snowman in Austria surpassed Olympia’s height — though its extremely tall stovepipe hat did a lot of the work, and the structure has yet to be officially recognized on the Guinness website. Future challengers to Olympia’s crown may one day require the town of Bethel to again gather and build a snowperson to remember.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

First year of Japan’s Sapporo Snow Festival, one of the largest winter festivals in the world
1950
Number of participants in the world’s largest snowball fight (Saskatchewan, Canada, in 2016)
7,681
Size (in millimeters) of the world’s smallest snowman, created in Ontario, Canada
0.003
Running time (in minutes) of the 1969 “Frosty the Snowman” television special
25

“Frosty the Snowman” was first recorded in 1950 by country singer ______.

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“Frosty the Snowman” was first recorded in 1950 by country singer Gene Autry.

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A suburb of Quebec City is home to the only ice hotel in North America.

The Hôtel de Glace, or Ice Hotel, first built in 2001, lasts for only three months out of the year (January through March) when the temperatures in Quebec, Canada, are at their coldest. Every year, a team of about 50 people — both workers and sculptors — labors for six weeks to (re)build the snowy abode in a suburb of Quebec City called Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier. The Ice Hotel isn’t just some roadside igloo — the structure takes 500 tons of ice and 30,000 tons of snow to complete its usual 44 rooms (though during the COVID-19 pandemic the hotel was much smaller). The hotel costs hundreds of dollars per person per night, and it’s not exactly comfortable. Because the structure is made entirely of snow and ice, the interior is kept at a frigid 25 degrees Fahrenheit (the bathrooms, however, are heated). Luckily, you don’t necessarily have to shell out that much cash just to experience the hotel, as guided tours are also available.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by CHENG FENG CHIANG/ iStock

Niagara Falls is one of the world’s great ecological wonders, dumping a rush of 3,160 tons of water over its crest every second. That’s likely why more than 100,000 people showed up to see part of the waterfall suddenly run dry in 1969 — a feat that was orchestrated not by nature, but by engineers.

Niagara Falls consists of three waterfalls: Horseshoe Falls (the largest), Bridal Veil Falls (the smallest), and American Falls, which today stands 190 feet tall. But major rock falls in 1931 and 1954 shortened the American Falls’ drop by nearly half, threatening its structural stability. So in June 1969, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers “dewatered” the massive cataract in an attempt to survey its sturdiness and give crews an opportunity to remove the enormous rock pile sitting below (although that plan was later abandoned due to cost concerns). Temporary cofferdams were built above the American Falls, diverting water to the other two drop-offs and effectively drying out the waterfall for months. 

Niagara Falls is the world’s tallest waterfall.

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Despite its massive size, Niagara Falls isn’t the world’s tallest waterfall. That title belongs to Angel Falls, located in eastern Venezuela. The South American waterfall, situated deep in Canaima National Park, stands 3,212 feet tall.

Seeing the underlying rocky riverbed was a rare sight; onlookers hadn’t seen the bare crest since March 1848, when an ice dam on the Niagara River curtailed the watery curtain. This time, scientists used the water shutoff to map the waterfall’s face, collect core samples, and install water pressure monitors. Work at the site was completed in five months, and by November 1969, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers removed its dam, unveiling a restored waterfall to a surge of visitors.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Length (in miles) of the Niagara River, connecting Lake Erie with Lake Ontario
36
Year the Maid of the Mist, a touring steamboat, made its maiden voyage below Niagara Falls
1846
Year Annie Edson Taylor went over the falls in a barrel, the first person to survive such a stunt
1901
Estimated remaining lifespan (in years) of Niagara Falls, which will eventually stop flowing due to erosion
50,000

______, the islet atop Niagara Falls, is named for a herd of animals that grazed there in 1780.

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Goat Island, the islet atop Niagara Falls, is named for a herd of animals that grazed there in 1780.

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A vice president’s daughter helped popularize honeymooning at Niagara Falls.

Today’s newlyweds often look to tropical destinations for a post-wedding getaway, though at one time, the ultimate honeymoon spot was in upstate New York. For decades, Niagara Falls was considered the “honeymoon capital of the world.” The fact that the massive waterfall had such a draw for lovers has to do with its early history of attracting high-profile couples. Historians point particularly to Theodosia Burr Alston, daughter of third Vice President Aaron Burr (arguably best known for his infamous duel with Alexander Hamilton). Theodosia and her new husband, Joseph Alston, visited the spot in 1801 after their nuptials; a few years later, Niagara Falls received another publicized visit from Jerome Bonaparte (brother to Napoleon) and his bride, Elizabeth Patterson. With the help of easy railroad access and a community that catered to tourism, Niagara Falls reached its peak popularity as a honeymoon destination in the 1950s, but the tradition hasn’t entirely faded. Newlyweds who visit today receive certificates signed by the mayor of Niagara Falls to commemorate their honeymoon choice.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by Peter Porrini/ Shutterstock

The human skeleton is sometimes called the scaffolding of the body, and the name is apt because, like scaffolding, our bones are less permanent than you might think. Human bones grow in a process known as modeling, and once a person reaches adulthood, the skeleton system refreshes itself in a process known as remodeling. During remodeling, certain cells in the body break down bone and funnel its minerals into the bloodstream, while other cells build healthy bone back up. Every year, the body replaces around 10% of bone via remodeling, which means we get an entirely new skeleton about every 10 years.

Your skin is replaced every 10 years.

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The human epidermis, the largest organ in the body, replaces itself at a much faster rate than every 10 years. In fact, skin doesn’t even last a month; the cells that make up the epidermis are replaced about every 27 days. (Hope you don’t mind dusting.)

Bone remodeling is just one of the ways in which our bodies are in a constant process of regeneration. Human hair is replaced every two to seven years (and around 100 hairs fall out of our heads every day), fingernails take about six months to replace, and our intestinal lining — constantly under assault from digestive acids — regenerates every week (or less). One of the most dramatic examples of regeneration is the production of red blood cells; the body creates upwards of 3 million of them every second, and totally refreshes these cells every four months. 

Does all this rejuvenation mean that humans are essentially a walking, talking Theseus’ paradox? This philosophical question, first proposed by Greek philosopher Plutarch, ponders whether something that slowly replaces itself is still the original object or something new. However, there are a few things in the human body that remain the same. Parts of our heart stick with us forever, and we’re born with most of our brain’s neurons. Also, our teeth can’t regenerate once grown, and the core that makes up the lens of our eye forms during prenatal development and never changes. So while many things in our body do change, some stay the same — meaning that humans are always a mix of both the new and the old.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Estimated percentage of the animal kingdom that has an internal skeleton
5%
Age (in years) of the oldest known Homo sapiens skeleton, found in a Moroccan mine in 2017
300,000
Number of human bones (out of 206) that aren’t connected to another bone (the hyoid)
1
Annual number of bone fractures that occur each year in the U.S.
6.3 million

The cells that heal and form bones are known as ______.

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The cells that heal and form bones are known as osteoblasts.

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Scientists once thought dinosaur fossils belonged to giant humans.

Around 1677, English naturalist Robert Plot discovered a dinosaur fossil nearly a century and a half before science knew what a “dinosaur” was. Analyzing a femur that belonged to what we know today to be a megalosaurus, Plot suspected that it might be an elephant bone, before ultimately theorizing that it had belonged to a giant human. For more than a century, naturalists like Plot attempted to describe dinosaur fossils as belonging to giant versions of animals that existed on Earth, including humans. It wasn’t until 1824 that scientists identified Plot’s bones as belonging to a giant lizard they named megalosaurus. As a result, the first dinosaur was named before scientists even knew these creatures existed. Finally, in 1842, the word “dinosauria,” meaning “terrible lizard” in Greek, officially entered the lexicon, and humanity’s perception of Earth history changed with it.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Andrey_Popov/ Shutterstock

For many of us, the day after Thanksgiving is primarily known as Black Friday — the kick-start to the winter holiday shopping season. But for workers in one industry, it goes by a slightly different moniker: Brown Friday. The nickname comes from the high number of service calls plumbers receive the day after a holiday that strains people's waistbands and kitchen sinks. Many plumbers say that Friday following Thanksgiving is twice as busy as any other day of the year.

The country’s first national plumbing standards were named after Herbert Hoover.

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Septic systems regularly failed before the 1920s. As commerce secretary, Herbert Hoover created a building and housing division within the National Bureau of Standards, regulating plumbing work for the first time. In his honor, the policies were dubbed the Hoover Code.

While Brown Friday gets its unappealing name from the sewage byproducts workers are often hired to handle, many plumbers report that service calls for bathroom fixes aren’t as common on that day. Instead, kitchen sinks, garbage disposals, and drains are the top offenders (though plumbers acknowledge that having more guests does put additional pressure on a home’s wastewater system). Most post-Thanksgiving plumbing issues stem from two culprits: grease and potato peels. Hot grease washed down sink drains eventually cools and solidifies, leading to buildup that can plug pipes. And when a massive heap of starchy potato peels makes its way down a partially clogged pipe, the grease and peels can congeal to create a kitchen nightmare. Fortunately, experts say there’s an easy way to prevent a Thanksgiving catastrophe: Toss meats, bones, and stringy or dense foods like those potato peels into the trash can instead of down the sink. 

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Percentage of Americans who celebrated Thanksgiving in 2022
91
Weight (in tons) of London’s record-breaking “fatberg” sewer blockage
130
Year the flushable toilet was invented by Sir John Harington, godson of Queen Elizabeth I
1596
Number of plumbers (and plumbing business employees) working in the U.S. as of 2023
537,211

______ are said to be the item most commonly lost down drains.

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Wedding rings are said to be the item most commonly lost down drains.

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Garbage disposals were illegal in New York City until 1997.

The first garbage disposal — the InSinkErator — was patented in 1935, but it was decades before the scrap-busting appliances were officially permitted in the nation’s largest city. While New Yorkers were initially free to use kitchen garbage disposals, the city reversed course in the 1970s over concerns that food scraps would overload the city’s then-aging sewer system. The ban, however, didn’t last. In the mid-1990s, New York City sanitation officials gave out 200 grinders as part of a study to evaluate the impact of garbage disposal use, and by 1997 the ban was repealed entirely. Still, more than 25 years later, it’s a rarity to find a New York City apartment that has an under-sink compactor. That’s because many of the city’s apartment buildings were constructed in the early 20th century and still use original plumbing, which landlords worry could clog or break down due to sludgy food particles.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by Brent Hofacker/ Shutterstock

In October 1705, the Connecticut settlement of Colchester was facing an early winter. While New England was known for its cold snaps, this one was unusually premature and severe, with temperatures so low that nearby waterways froze. The timing was unfortunate; the community had not yet received wintertime provisions, which were typically shipped to them by boat, and a day of Thanksgiving — planned for November 4 — was quickly approaching. (At the time, Thanksgiving was not yet a fixed holiday.) The most important item, molasses, was running low in pantries around town, and without it, residents faced a gloomy situation: Thanksgiving without bread, baked beans, or pumpkin pie. Rather than suffer a paltry holiday spread, town residents voted to postpone Thanksgiving by a week in the hope that a molasses delivery would arrive in time. (Apparently it did.) In the years to follow, the event would be dubbed the “Great Colchester Molasses Shortage,” and eventually parodied in poems.

Presidents used to choose the date for Thanksgiving celebrations.

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Presidents were once responsible for selecting the day for Thanksgiving celebrations. The holiday shifted around — once it was even held in April — until 1941, when Congress designated the fourth Thursday in November as the official date.

Molasses was a crucial sweetener in early America, primarily because it was a low-cost alternative to imported sugar. Used in baking, beer brewing, and as occasional livestock feed, molasses was a multipurpose foodstuff. But more importantly, it was the sticky backbone of early American distilling. The amber-colored syrup is the main ingredient in rum, and New Englanders used it to build a booming industry that produced millions of gallons of the spirit each year. In fact, molasses was so important that it was a contributing factor in the American Revolution; in 1733, Great Britain issued the Molasses Act, which levied taxes on molasses imported to the colonies from islands outside of British control. The proclamation heavily impacted the American rum industry, created a molasses black market, and stirred up early sentiment against the crown, which would eventually boil over four decades later.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Quarts of molasses consumed by the average colonist annually around 1750
3
Year when what’s commonly called the “first Thanksgiving” was celebrated in Plymouth, Massachusetts
1621
Number of pumpkin pies served at the “first Thanksgiving”
0
Weight (in pounds) of the world’s largest pumpkin pie, baked in Ohio in 2010
3,699

Molasses is a byproduct of the ______ refinement process.

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Molasses is a byproduct of the sugar cane refinement process.

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Boston streets were once flooded with molasses.

Boston’s famed baked beans get their signature flavor from molasses, an ingredient that once flooded streets in the city’s North End neighborhood thanks to a storage tank accident. Situated near the city’s waterfront, the steel tank housed 2.3 million gallons of molasses, and was known to leak the sugary liquid thanks to shoddy construction. On January 15, 1919, the tank’s seams gave way, and a 15-foot wave of molasses coursed through several city blocks at a staggering speed of 50 feet per second. The damage was extensive and deadly, killing 21 people, leveling entire buildings and railroad tracks, and leaving behind a mess that required weeks of cleanup. In the years to follow, the accident would be dubbed the Great Molasses Flood, and it inspired legislators across the U.S. to enact stronger regulations to make construction of buildings safer. These days, legend has it that the neighborhood still sometimes smells like molasses when the weather is hot.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by Maridav/ Shutterstock

When it comes to famous American footraces, competitions like San Francisco’s Bay to Breakers or the Boston Marathon likely come to mind. But neither of these races is the nation’s oldest continuously run footrace — that distinction belongs instead to the Buffalo Turkey Trot, an 8K race held every year on Thanksgiving Day as a fundraiser for the YMCA in Buffalo, New York. During its first race back in 1896, only six runners participated (and two dropped out along the way), but today some 14,000 participants run the Turkey Trot down Delaware Avenue through the heart of the city. There are now more than 200 Turkey Trots around the U.S., all inspired by that original race more than 125 years ago. 

Turkeys can’t fly.

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Although domesticated turkeys can’t fly because of their plumpness, wild turkeys can fly upwards of 50 miles per hour thanks to their nearly 5-foot wingspan. But they can only pull off the feat for short distances of around a quarter of a mile.

Although the Turkey Trot is one of the U.S.’s oldest races — it even beats out the Boston Marathon by five months — it isn’t the oldest race on the continent if you’re counting races that have occasionally been canceled. Ontario’s Around the Bay Road Race and Massachusetts’ Bemis-Forslund Pie Race, which is the oldest U.S. footrace of any distance, predate the Turkey Trot by a handful of years. However, both races have been canceled for a variety of reasons, including world wars and the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these world-altering calamities, the Turkey Trot trotted on, and is now officially the nation’s oldest continuously run footrace. In fact, it claims to be the oldest continuously run footrace in the world.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Year Verona, Italy, held the first Palio del Drappo Verde (sometimes called the world’s oldest footrace)
1208
Finishing time for Henry A. Allison, winner of the first Turkey Trot in 1896
31:12
Subspecies of turkeys in the U.S. (Eastern, Osceola, Rio Grande, Merriam’s, and Gould’s)
5
Miles in the world’s oldest road race, the U.K.’s Red Hose Race, held since 1508
5

The NFL’s Buffalo Bills are named after the famous frontiersman ______.

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The NFL’s Buffalo Bills are named after the famous frontiersman Buffalo Bill Cody.

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The marathon’s exact distance, 26.2 miles, is because of the British royal family.

The marathon race’s well-known ancient origins date back to the fifth century BCE, but today’s 26.2-mile length is a much more modern invention. An ancient legend states that in 490 BCE, an Athenian messenger named Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens to deliver a one-word message regarding the outcome of the city-state’s battle with the Persians: “Nike” (meaning  “victory”). After running 25 miles nonstop, Pheidippides allegedly died from exhaustion. Some 2,400 years later, the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens commemorated this moment in Greek history by establishing a nearly 25-mile marathon run. However, 12 years later, during the 1908 London Olympic Games, that historic 25-mile distance didn’t quite line up with Britain’s plans. The story goes that Princess Mary (Mary of Teck), wife of the future King George V, requested that the race begin on the lawn of Windsor Castle (so the young royals could see it) and finish at the royal box at the Olympic stadium. This request, along with other route complications, extended the race from 25 miles to exactly 26 miles and 385 yards — roughly 26.219 miles. (An alternate telling of these events says that the private location for the start of the marathon was meant to help with crowd control and minimize public interference.) The London length became the standard when the International Amateur Athletic Federation set the official marathon distance at 26.2 miles in 1921. Today, that seemingly random mileage remains the set distance for marathon races around the world.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Teryani Riggs/ Alamy Stock Photo

Baking a no-frills pumpkin pie with canned pumpkin and a premade crust takes about an hour today, though pie-making wasn’t always so simple. Before the ease of cracking open a can of pumpkin, cooks had to stew their own mixture, cooking pumpkins for hours just to create a custardy pie filling. Selecting the right pumpkin was paramount to a proper pie — not every pumpkin was a prize pick for the pastry. Field pumpkins, aka the ones often bought today for decoration and carving, are particularly poor foodstuffs. Their stringy, watery flesh has little flavor, and for centuries they were considered fare for livestock, not people. But by the 1930s, the canned-food company Libby’s had changed the pumpkin perspective, helping to popularize the once time-intensive holiday dish — all by creating its own strain of pumpkins that are full of flavor.

Pumpkin pie was once cooked inside a pumpkin.

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The custardy pumpkin pies we eat today are far different from the earliest versions in colonial America. Some of the first pumpkin pies were crustless and baked inside a hollowed-out pumpkin, while other recipes layered slices of fried pumpkin and apples inside a simple pastry shell.

Contrary to much skepticism, canned pumpkin produced by Libby’s is real pumpkin, just not the kind you typically see at a pumpkin patch. Dickinson pumpkins, the seeds of which were first acquired by Libby’s in 1929 and are still used today, are more closely related to butternut squash than most species of field pumpkins, though classifying what counts as a squash or pumpkin is a botanical gray area. Both pumpkins and squash are considered cucurbits — a category of nearly 1,000 plant species, including cucumbers, melons, and gourds — though the larger confusion comes in part from language. Until the 19th century, “pumpkin” and “squash” were interchangeable terms. (Today, all pumpkins are considered a type of squash, and the term “pumpkin” itself doesn’t have a precise botanical meaning.) In 1957, the USDA vaguely declared that any “golden-fleshed, firm-shelled, sweet varieties of either pumpkins or squashes” could be used as canned pumpkin. Dickinson pumpkins grown from Libby’s Select Seed, the company’s proprietary variety, meet that requirement. That said, the semantics may not really matter that much after all — the specially grown gourds have become synonymous with pumpkin pie, so popular that Libby’s claims to sell enough of its canned product to produce 90 million pumpkin pies each holiday season.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Average weight (in pounds) of a Dickinson pumpkin
10-14
Year Libby’s — then called Libby, McNeill & Libby — was founded in Chicago
1868
Weight (in pounds) of the world’s largest pumpkin pie, created in Ohio in 2010
3,699
Average number of pumpkin pies eaten on Thanksgiving Day in the U.S.
50 million

Before it sold pumpkin pie filling, Libby’s primarily produced canned ______.

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Before it sold pumpkin pie filling, Libby’s primarily produced canned beef.

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Most of the world’s canned pumpkin comes from Libby’s pumpkin farms.

Libby’s isn’t the original creator of its famed pumpkins; American farmer Elijah Dickinson produced his eponymous strain of pumpkins in the early 1800s, first cultivating them in Kentucky before relocating to central Illinois. There, Dickinson and his brothers invested in a cannery, and by 1920, Dickinson & Co. owned three such facilities, including one in Morton, Illinois — a spot that’s today known as the “pumpkin capital of the world.” Libby’s purchased the Dickinson operation in 1929, and in the decades since has grown the region into the globe’s leading producer of canned pumpkin. Morton farms — and those in the surrounding area — primarily grow Dickinson pumpkins from Libby’s Select Seed each year, and the agricultural output adds up. All in all, they produce 85% of the world’s canned pumpkin.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.