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On May 21, 2007, Rod Baber placed a 1-minute, 48-second phone call. He called a voicemail account to leave a message, a move that cost him $4.72. By all accounts, Baber’s call was much like millions made from cellphones every day — except that the renowned British climber was standing on the summit of Mount Everest. Using a Motorola Rizr Z8, Baber made the call at 29,035 feet, earning a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for “highest mobile phone call.” The feat was made possible by China Telecom, which had set up a cell tower at the base camp on the mountain’s north side. Baber also called his family and sent a text to a Motorola employee: “One small text for man, one giant leap for mobilekind.”

The first cellphone call took place in Chicago.

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The very first cellphone call was made on Sixth Avenue in Manhattan on April 3, 1973. The caller was Motorola’s Martin Cooper, who called a rival at Bell Labs. Cooper then held a press conference at the Hilton, at which reporters were invited to dial their newspaper offices.

Since Baber’s historic phone call, Everest’s cell service has kept up with the times. In 2013, Everest received 4G service so climbers could livestream the view from the summit. In 2020, the mountain got the 5G upgrade, which offers 20 times more capacity at one-third the size. That means that if you want to find some excuse to unplug from work, “climbing Everest” might not be a good one. 

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Battery life (in minutes) of Motorola’s DynaTAC 8000X, the world’s first cellphone (in 1984)
30
Year Everest was first summited by New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay
1953
Number of cellular sites in the U.S. as of 2020
417,215
Estimation of how many years ago Everest, and the rest of the Himalayas, began to form
50 million

The Tibetan name for Everest is Chomolungma, meaning “______.”

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The Tibetan name for Everest is Chomolungma, meaning “Mother Goddess of the World.”

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Everest isn’t the tallest mountain on Earth.

When it comes to mountains, the accolade of “world’s tallest” is a matter of opinion. If you’re going strictly by height above sea level, then yes, Everest remains the reigning champion. However, if you’re going by tallest from base to summit (that is, including parts of the mountain below sea level), the clear winner is Mauna Kea, which, at 33,500 feet, is some 4,000 feet taller than Everest. However, the most compelling competitor in the “world’s tallest mountain” challenge is little-known Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador. Because (as its name suggests) Ecuador straddles the equator, it’s also farther from the center of the Earth, since the planet’s midsection actually bulges outward due to its constant rotation. This technically makes Chimborazo the farthest away a human can get from Earth while still standing on land.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Dennis Guten/ Unsplash

While the sculptor Gutzon Borglum was working on Mount Rushmore, he had the idea of adding a special room where future generations could learn about the significance of the United States as well as his own creation. The Hall of Records was intended as its own architectural wonder, accented with double doors, a long staircase, and a gold-plated eagle with a 38-foot wingspan. The inside would serve as a museum, housing bronze and glass cabinets full of the country’s key historical documents, busts of important Americans, a list of notable U.S. contributions to the world, and more. Armed with dynamite, miners laid the groundwork for the Hall of Records in 1938 — to the displeasure of Congress, who saw only a 70-foot-deep cave beyond President Lincoln’s hairline. Borglum was instructed to devote his time and federal funding to finishing the quartet of faces. Soon after he died in March 1941, the monument was deemed complete. The Hall of Records remained an empty granite pit for more than half a century. 

Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to win a Nobel Peace Prize.

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To bring the Russo-Japanese War to an end, President Roosevelt organized a 1905 peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which garnered him an eventual Nobel Peace Prize. The other presidents who achieved the honor are Woodrow Wilson, Jimmy Carter, and Barack Obama.

At the behest of Borglum’s family — who worried that the sculpture’s significance “would become a riddle” to historians — the artist’s vision for the room was partly realized on August 9, 1998. A teak box was filled with 16 porcelain enamel tablets containing documents including the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and the Gettysburg Address, plus details about Borglum and the forging of Mount Rushmore. The box was placed in a noncorrosive titanium container, which was lowered deep into a hole at the Hall of Records’ entrance. To seal the opening, a 1,200-pound granite capstone was added, etched with a quote from Borglum. Alas, tourists are not able to explore the hall that might have been.  

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Approximate height (in feet) of each presidential nose on Mount Rushmore
20
Laborers who shaped the monument with dynamite, jackhammers, and fine carving tools
400
Cost of building Mount Rushmore, in World War II-era dollars
$989,992
Pounds of rock workers removed from the Black Hills to execute Borglum’s design
900 million

Alfred Hitchcock filmed parts of his 1959 movie, “______,” on location at Mount Rushmore.

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Alfred Hitchcock filmed parts of his 1959 movie, “North by Northwest,” on location at Mount Rushmore.

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Mount Rushmore’s workers assembled their own baseball team.

Lincoln Borglum spent his young adulthood assisting his father on Mount Rushmore, ultimately overseeing the monument’s completion. To increase worker morale, on game days Lincoln parked his car close to the hoist operator and left the radio tuned to baseball; the hoist operator then phoned game updates to those stationed on the mountain. In 1938, Lincoln started recruiting amateur baseball players to work on the monument, and soon founded the Rushmore Drillers. Six days a week, practices followed the 7:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. work shifts, and games were played on Sundays. The team was good enough to make it to the semifinals of the State Amateur Baseball Tournament in 1939, but the Drillers disbanded when the government declared Mount Rushmore finished in 1941.

Jenna Marotta
Writer

Jenna is a writer whose work has appeared in The New York Times, The Hollywood Reporter, and New York Magazine.

Original photo by YinYang/ iStock

Less is more in the Hawaiian alphabet, which consists of just 13 letters: A, E, I, O, U, H, K, L, M, N, P, W, and the ‘okina, which represents the glottal stop consonant — a sound produced by the abrupt obstruction of airflow in the vocal tract. Known as ka pīʻāpā Hawaiʻi in Hawaiian, the alphabet traditionally lists the five vowels first and also includes the kahakō, a bar above vowels that indicates an elongated vowel sound.

When British explorer James Cook made the first known European expedition to the Hawaiian islands in 1778, he spelled the islands’ name as both “Owhyhee” and “Owhyee.” Hawaiian was purely an oral language at the time; its written form wasn’t formalized until American missionary Elisha Loomis printed a primer titled simply “The Alphabet” in 1822. This written alphabet initially consisted of 21 letters before being standardized in 1826, although four of the original letters (F, G, S, and Y) were included only for the purpose of spelling foreign words. Other letters — B, R, T, and V — were excised because they were considered interchangeable with existing letters.

Hawaii is the only U.S. state with two official languages.

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English and Hawaiian are both official languages of the Aloha State, but it isn’t the only state with multiple tongues. South Dakota also recognizes Sioux, and Alaska recognizes more than 20 Indigenous languages.

By 1834, Hawaii's literacy rate was estimated to be between 90% and 95%, one of the highest in the world at the time. But the Hawaiian language declined in usage after 1896, when Act 57 of the Laws of the Republic of Hawaii made English the “medium and basis of instruction” for all schools, after which schoolchildren were sometimes even punished for speaking Hawaiian. The language has seen a resurgence since the 1970s, with several groups working toward preserving it.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Letters in Cambodia’s Khmer alphabet, the largest alphabet in the world
74
Hawaiian islands
137
Native speakers of Hawaiian
~2,000
Letters in pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, the longest English word
45

The most commonly used letter in English is “______.”

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The most commonly used letter in English is “E.”

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Hawaii was an independent kingdom for nearly a century.

Six years after George Washington became the first president of the United States, another ruler came into power on the other side of the Pacific: Kamehameha I, who established the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1795 by conquering the islands of Maui, Moloka‘i, O‘ahu, and Lāna‘i. Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined willingly 15 years later, making every inhabited island part of the kingdom.

The House of Kamehameha reigned until 1874, when the House of Kalākaua came into power. The kingdom was overthrown in 1893 by the United States, which the U.S. officially acknowledged a century later with 1993’s Apology Resolution. The joint resolution acknowledged that “the Indigenous Hawaiian people never directly relinquished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people or over their national lands to the United States.” The Hawaiian sovereignty movement continues to this day.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Vahit Ozalp/ iStock

The next time you find yourself enjoying a grilled sandwich, impress any nearby Italian speakers by using its proper name: “panino,” not “panini.” The latter term is actually plural, while “panino” — a diminutive of pane, meaning “bread” — is singular. 

This is similar to several other Italian words we English speakers tend to use incorrectly, such as “graffiti” (singular: “graffito”) and “paparazzi” (singular: “paparazzo”). Italian panini also differ from the kind eaten in the U.S. in that they aren’t always grilled and tend to feature just two or three ingredients.

Unlike panini, “spaghetti” is both plural and singular.

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Following the same construction as “panini”/“panino,” a single strand of spaghetti is a spaghetto. The same is true of ravioli (raviolo) and gnocchi (gnocco).

Italians have been making sandwiches for centuries, but panini as we think of them today were popularized in Milan in the 1970s. It was there that bars known as paninoteche became so popular that an entire fashion-based youth movement, called paninaro, took its name from them. Young people known as paninari tended to hang out at these sandwich bars because they’d grown weary of the slow pace of other more classic Italian restaurants, and panini were the closest thing to fast food available in the area at the time. Paninari were so hip at the time, in fact, that they inspired a song by Pet Shop Boys. Those must have been some pretty good sandwiches.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Microstates within Italy (Vatican City and San Marino)
2
Kilograms of pasta eaten annually per capita in Italy, the most in the world
23.2
Kings of Rome before it became a republic
7
Countries bordered by Italy (Switzerland, France, Slovenia, and Austria)
4

The modern pizza was invented in ______.

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The modern pizza was invented in Naples.

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Margherita pizza was named in honor of an Italian queen.

Raffaele Esposito, a baker from Naples often credited with inventing the modern pizza, is believed to have named the dish in honor of Queen Margherita of Savoy (sound familiar?) after she visited his city in 1889. In addition, he used the Italian flag’s three colors as inspiration for its main ingredients: red tomatoes, white mozzarella, and green basil.

As the pizza increased in popularity, it also helped improve the reputation of the humble tomato, which had been feared throughout Europe for centuries because it was incorrectly thought to be poisonous. After realizing the true reason some aristocrats were falling ill was because the pewter plates used to serve the fruits contained high levels of lead, attitudes toward the tomato relaxed by the late 1800s.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by CHUNYIP WONG/ iStock

It’s easy to think of major cities such as London and New York as sprawling grids of concrete, brick, and metal — but it may surprise you to learn that both cities also maintain roughly 20% tree canopy cover. That’s an urban forest of more than 8.4 million trees across Greater London and approximately 7 million trees in New York City. While other major cities have even higher tree canopy coverage — including Oslo at ~72%, Atlanta at ~50%, and Singapore at ~29% — what sets London and New York apart is the amount of greenery they contain given their massive size, population density, and global urban footprint. 

The London plane, a hybrid tree that received its name from its ability to withstand the city’s air pollution during the Industrial Revolution, is the most common street tree in both London and New York City. Other widely planted species include sycamore, oak, and silver birch in London and littleleaf linden, Norway maple, and green ash in NYC.

Trees can "talk" to each other.

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Trees use underground mycorrhizal fungi networks to exchange nutrients and send chemical signals — even warning nearby trees about pests or disease. The phenomenon is known as the “wood wide web.”

These urban trees aren’t just decorative. They reduce air pollution, lower urban temperatures, and absorb stormwater that would otherwise flood drains. In New York alone, trees remove around 1,100 tons of air pollution each year and intercept more than 890 million gallons of stormwater, easing pressure on the city’s infrastructure.

Greater London’s trees provide around £132.7 million worth of ecosystem services annually, which include air purification, temperature regulation, building energy savings, and rainwater interception. And of course, tree cover also supports and shelters city wildlife. So while their skylines may steal the spotlight, it’s the tree canopy that quietly keeps these cities cooler, cleaner, and more inviting.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Public parks in London
~3,000
Typical height (in feet) of the Christmas tree displayed each year at Rockefeller Center
75
Percentage of privately owned trees in London
57%
Size (in acres) of Central Park in New York City
843

The London plane is a hybrid of the ______ and the Oriental plane.

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The London plane is a hybrid of the American sycamore and the Oriental plane.

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Tree Preservation Orders have been protecting U.K. trees since 1947.

Introduced under the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) give local authorities in the U.K. the power to legally protect specific trees, groups of trees, or woodlands if their removal would negatively impact the local environment or public enjoyment.

TPOs make it an offense to cut down, top, lop, uproot, or willfully damage a protected tree without permission. Today, thousands of trees across London are safeguarded by TPOs, ensuring the city’s urban forest continues to thrive for generations to come.

Kristina Wright
Writer

Kristina is a coffee-fueled writer living happily ever after with her family in the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia.

Original photo by Chloe Herriot/ Unsplash

There are nearly 2,000 known species of cacti, all of which are native to the Americas alone — except for one. That would be Rhipsalis baccifera, also known as the spaghetti cactus or the mistletoe cactus, which grows wild in India, Sri Lanka, and Africa as well as parts of the Americas. Even stranger than the idea of a single cactus species thousands of miles away from its prickly relatives is the fact that scientists aren’t exactly sure how R. baccifera ended up in the Eastern Hemisphere to begin with. The epiphytes (also called air plants) are remarkably resilient, able to survive without soil by drawing moisture from the air, and the many theories attempting to explain their broad distribution fit their strange nature.

You can drink cactus water.

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Should you ever find yourself lost in the desert, resist the urge to drink from the nearest cactus. Cacti protect themselves with alkaloids and acids, both of which are present in their water — and neither of which are a good idea for humans to drink.

One explanation is that birds snacked on the white berries containing R. baccifera’s seeds somewhere in South America before flying all the way to Africa, where they passed those seeds and essentially planted the cactus on the other side of the world. Problem is, scientists don’t know of any berry-snacking birds that could have actually made that journey. Another theory suggests that sailors used the cactus, with its fetching long green branches, to decorate their living quarters while journeying across the Atlantic from Brazil, then left them behind upon arriving in Africa. Yet another theory posits that the plant could have existed way back when Africa and the Americas were part of one supercontinent called Gondwana — which then broke up around 184 million years ago, leaving a little cactus on both sides. However, it’s unlikely the plant existed all those years ago. The truth is, we’ll probably just have to embrace the mystery of it all.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Years a cactus can live
200
Height (in feet) of the tallest wild cactus in the world, found in Mexico
63
Arms a saguaro cactus can have
25
Subfamilies of cacti (Cactoideae, Maihuenioideae, Opuntioideae, Pereskioideae)
4

The largest cactus in the United States is the ______.

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The largest cactus in the United States is the saguaro.

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Prickly pears are a common ingredient in Mexican cuisine.

Known as the prickly pear in English, these species of Opuntia cactus are more commonly called nopales in Spanish. Rich in antioxidants and fiber, the cactus paddles — with needles removed, of course — are a key ingredient in a number of Mexican dishes. Nopales con huevos, or scrambled eggs with nopales, are a favorite, as are salads and tacos featuring them; sometimes nopales are simply eaten as a side vegetable. With a taste that’s been described as a cross between green beans and asparagus (pears and watermelons have also been mentioned as points of reference), they’re enjoyed for their versatility and nutritional value alike. They can even be added to margaritas.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Pinkybird/ iStock

We humans have somewhere between 20,000 and 25,000 genes — a sizable number to be sure, but still considerably fewer than the 31,760 in everyone’s favorite nightshade. Though scientists still aren’t sure why tomatoes have such a complex genome, an emerging theory relates to the extinction of the dinosaurs. Around the time those giant creatures disappeared from Earth, the nightshade family (solanaceae) tripled its number of genes. Eventually the superfluous copies of genes that served no biological purpose disappeared, but that still left a lot of functional ones; some believe the extra DNA helped tomatoes survive during an especially perilous time on the planet, when it was likely still recovering from the aftereffects of a devastating asteroid.

Tomatoes are vegetables.

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Despite being less sweet than the likes of apples and peaches and sometimes being used as vegetables in cooking, tomatoes are botanically considered fruits because they form from a flower and contain seeds.

Humans, meanwhile, have two copies of every gene: one from their mother and one from their father. The number of genes doesn’t necessarily imply biological sophistication, but rather how an organism “manages its cells’ affairs” — simply put, humans make more efficient use of the genes they have. The Human Genome Project, which launched in 1990 and took 13 years to complete, successfully mapped and sequenced every single gene found in Homo sapiens. With thousands of scientists involved, it remains the largest international collaboration ever undertaken in the field of biology — until the Tomato Genome Project is launched, that is.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Known tomato varieties
15,000
Average seeds per tomato
150-300
Tomato seeds sent to the International Space Station for the Tomatosphere project
600,000
DNA shared by every single human
99.9%

Lycopersicon lycopersicum, one scientific name for the tomato, means “______.”

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Lycopersicon lycopersicum, one scientific name for the tomato, means “wolf peach.”

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People used to think tomatoes were poisonous.

The humble tomato used to have a far more sinister moniker: “poison apple.” In the 18th century, many believed that European aristocrats were falling ill and even dying after eating tomatoes — a misconception stemming from the use of pewter plates, which contained high lead content. Tomatoes, which are highly acidic, would leach that lead and then poison the unlucky eater. The fear of tomatoes was just as prevalent across the pond, where some American farmers believed that the green tomato worm was “poisonous as a rattlesnake.” An entomologist eventually set the record straight, and by the late 1800s more people began to appreciate tomatoes for the nutritious treat they are.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Everett Collection/ Shutterstock

Not many Americans know the name Charles G. Dawes today, but they should. As one of only three U.S. vice presidents to receive the Nobel Peace Prize during their lifetimes (for his work to preserve peace in Europe), he has reserved a place in the history books alongside Theodore Roosevelt and Al Gore. But perhaps even more notably, he’s also the only veep with a No. 1 hit pop song. Dawes was a self-trained pianist and flautist as well as a banker, and in 1911, 14 years before he would become Calvin Coolidge’s vice president, he wrote a short instrumental piece titled “Melody in A Major.” The song received some attention during Dawes’ lifetime, but it wasn't until 1951 — the year he died — that American songwriter Carl Sigman put lyrics to Dawes’ creation and called it “It’s All in the Game.” Seven years later, Tommy Edwards became the first Black artist to reach No. 1 in the U.S. with his doo-wop-influenced rendition of Sigman’s song.

Bob Dylan, the only U.S. songwriter to win the Nobel Prize, has no No. 1 hits.

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Not true, but just barely. Surprisingly, folk legend Bob Dylan has only one No. 1 hit under his own name, and it arrived in 2020 with the 17-minute-long song “Murder Most Foul,” which debuted atop Billboard’s Rock Digital Song Sales chart (his first time topping any Billboard chart).

But that wasn’t the end of Dawes’ posthumous music stardom. The song soon transformed into a pop standard, and was covered by a variety of artists across several genres. There’s Nat King Cole’s big band affair (1957), Elton John's upbeat cover (1970), Van Morrison’s sorrowful take (1979), Issac Hayes’ soulful remix (1980), and Merle Haggard’s country creation (1984), just to name a few. To this day (and for likely many days to come), Dawes remains the only chief executive — president or vice president — to score a hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

California district that elected Sonny Bono, the only member of the House with a No. 1 pop song, in 1994
44
Year Charles Dawes won the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to ease tensions in Europe after WWI
1925
Total No. 1 hits for Mariah Carey, the most of any solo artist
19
Number of VPs before Alben W. Barkley, the first to be called “veep” (it was his grandson’s idea)
34

The song “______” now honors the vice president, though it was once an unofficial national anthem.

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The song “Hail, Columbia” now honors the vice president, though it was once an unofficial national anthem.

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President Calvin Coolidge had a lot of pets, including a pygmy hippopotamus.

While Charles Dawes had a No. 1 pop single, his boss also had a few quirks. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th U.S. president, had arguably the most exotic collection of pets of any American chief executive (though Theodore Roosevelt gave him a run for his money). During his presidency, Coolidge had six dogs, a bobcat, two raccoons, a goose, a donkey, a cat, a bear, two lion cubs, an antelope, a wallaby, and more. But the strangest of Coolidge’s pets was probably Billy, a pygmy hippopotamus, who was given to Coolidge as a gift from businessman Harvey Firestone (as in Firestone tires). Perhaps because of his size (even a pygmy hippo can weigh up to 600 pounds), or because he was one of only a few pygmy hippos in the U.S., Billy was donated to the Smithsonian National Zoological Park, where he became the proud father of many hippo calves. In fact, most of the pygmy hippos in the U.S. today can be traced back to his lineage.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Niebrugge Images/ Alamy Stock Photo

Although many of the Grand Canyon's visitors make a point of packing into the tourist stop known as Grand Canyon Village, far fewer realize there's a bona fide village nestled into Havasu Canyon some 3,000 feet below. There, amid the towering limestone cliffs that surround the Havasupai Indian Reservation, live the 200 or so Native Americans who populate the remote hamlet of Supai.

The Havasupai are the only Native American tribe with territorial ties to the Grand Canyon.

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The Hualapai Tribe, who live on land that borders the Havasupai Reservation, oversee tourist operations at Grand Canyon West. Altogether, 11 federally recognized tribes have historically used the land that comprises Grand Canyon National Park.

For those who don't feel like splurging on a helicopter ride, simply reaching Supai is a feat unto itself. From the nearest town of Peach Springs, travelers embark on a 67-mile drive to Hualapai Hilltop, at which point they can descend the 8-mile trail by foot or mule ride. That's the route taken daily by the USPS, which brings in vital supplies like food while also carrying mail stamped with a unique "Mule Train" postmark. Those who complete the journey can refresh themselves at the general store and tribal cafe, or rest up for the return trip with an overnight stay at the local lodge. Many others continue along the trail to the reservation's campgrounds and famous waterfalls.

Although the isolation brings unparalleled views of ancient landscapes and turquoise pools, it also involves an element of danger. Severe rains damaged buildings, bridges, and even parts of the lone path in and out of the village in 2010. The pandemic also forced the Havasupai to close off tourist access to their grounds from 2020 to 2022, but they reopened for business in 2023.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Total number of tourists who visit the Grand Canyon annually
5.9 million
Hours, on average, it takes to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon
4-5
Acres within the Havasupai Indian Reservation
188,077
Number of federally recognized Native American tribes in the U.S.
574

The Grand Canyon was established as a national park by President ______.

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The Grand Canyon was established as a national park by President Woodrow Wilson.

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The turquoise waters of Supai are caused by a combination of geology and chemistry.

A life force sacred to the Havasupai, whose traditional name means “people of the blue-green waters,” the water that flows through Supai via Havasu Creek gets its start from the rain and snowmelt that accumulate in the porous limestone above. Saturated with calcium carbonate from dissolved limestone, this groundwater is eventually funneled through rock layers to a spring. When the gushing spring emerges from underground, a chemical reaction causes the calcium carbonate to appear turquoise in the sunlight, a breathtaking sight for both first-time observers and longtime residents.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

Original photo by HomoCosmicos/ iStock

Much human innovation is a collective effort — scientists, innovators, and artisans building off the work of predecessors to develop some groundbreaking technology over the course of decades, or even centuries. But in the case of writing systems, scholars believe humans may have independently invented them four separate times. That’s because none of these writing systems shows significant influence from previously existing systems, or similarities to another. Experts generally agree that the first writing system appeared in the Mesopotamian society of Sumer in what is now Iraq. Early pictorial signs appeared some 5,500 years ago, and slowly evolved into complex characters representing the sounds of the Sumerian language. Today, this ancient writing system is known as cuneiform

Half the world population is multilingual.

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Experts estimate that at least half of the human population can speak two languages or more. However, the U.S. is drastically behind compared to other countries. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, only 20% of Americans speak another language, whereas that number is 56% in Europe.

However, cuneiform wasn’t a one-off innovation. Writing systems then evolved in ancient Egypt, in the form of hieroglyphs, around 3200 BCE — only an estimated 250 years after the first examples of cuneiform. The next place that writing developed was China, where the Shang dynasty set up shop along the Yellow River and wrote early Chinese characters on animal bones during divination rituals around 1300 BCE. Finally, in Mesoamerica, writing began to take shape around 900 BCE, and influenced ancient civilizations like the Zapotecs, Olmecs, Aztecs, and Maya. Sadly, little is known about the history of many Mesoamerican languages, as Catholic priests and Spanish conquistadors destroyed a lot of the surviving documentation.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Estimated minimum number of word families someone needs to know to be fluent in a language
800
Languages 1943’s “Le Petit Prince” has been translated into, the most of any book except the Bible
500+
Year Cherokee polymath Sequoyah created the Cherokee written language
1821
Letters in the Khmer (Cambodian) alphabet, the longest alphabet in the world
74

“Hieroglyph” comes from ancient Greek words meaning “______.”

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“Hieroglyph” comes from ancient Greek words meaning “sacred carvings.”

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There are many ancient languages that have yet to be deciphered.

Discovered in July 1799, the Rosetta Stone is perhaps the most famous linguistics discovery in human history; it turned out to be a 1,600-pound key that unlocked the ancient mysteries of the Egyptian language. However, many other lost languages haven’t been so lucky, including tongues such as Meroitic from Sudan, Linear A from Crete, and Proto-Elamite from Iran. But the most famous undeciphered written language is the Indus script, which is the oldest written language on the Indian subcontinent and dates back to around 2600 BCE. Because this script has no bilingual text like the Rosetta Stone (at least not so far), the language has remained incomprehensible — a major reason why the Indus Valley Civilization is one of the least-known major civilizations in ancient history. It’s even possible that the Indus script is a fifth example of independently evolved language, though it’s impossible to know for sure without deciphering it.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.