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While almost all other objects are required to be boxed up before being mailed, the U.S. Postal Service makes a specific exception for potatoes and coconuts. Both foods can be mailed unwrapped, so long as you write the destination and return address either directly on the product or on a label affixed to the skin or husk. Simply take the item to the post office, where it’ll be weighed to determine appropriate postage, stamped, and sent off to be delivered just like any other package.

The U.S. Postal Service doesn’t explicitly say why this is permitted, but there is some precedent for sending strange items through the mail, so long as they’re paid for and don’t endanger the carrier. In an experiment conducted for a 2000 edition of Annals of Improbable Research, researchers successfully mailed a ski, a deer tibia, a rose with a card tied to the stem, and other unusual objects.

The first U.S. city to offer free mail delivery was Cleveland, Ohio.

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Cleveland was the first U.S. city to offer free mail delivery to its residents. The Free City Delivery Service was the brainchild of postal employee Joseph Briggs. The service began in 1862, and by the end of the 19th century had grown to more than 400 cities, employing 10,000+ mail carriers.

Mailing coconuts is especially popular on the Hawaiian island of Molokaʻi, where the Hoʻolehua post office established the Post-a-Nut service in 1991, allowing people to mail coconuts to the mainland U.S. and around the world — no box required. Post-a-Nut ships roughly 3,000 coconuts annually (around 700 of which are sent to international locations), generating 40% of that post office’s total revenue. Dedicated businesses for mailing potatoes also exist, including Mail a Spud — a service that ships out russet potatoes adorned with personalized messages.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Length (in feet) of a potato-shaped hotel in Idaho
28
Peak Billboard ranking for “Coconut” by Harry Nilsson
8
Retail offices managed by USPS
31,123
Year the U.S. postal system was established
1775

______ has appeared on more U.S. postage stamps than any other person.

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George Washington has appeared on more U.S. postage stamps than any other person.

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A coconut was investigated for its role in rigging a Maldivian presidential election.

In 2013, Maldivian police detained a suspicious coconut discovered near a polling place on Guraidhoo Island. The coconut was initially thought to be evidence of black magic — a practice that had purportedly been used to influence the outcome of local elections in the past. In this case, the kurumba (young coconut) featured a Quranic verse written on its husk, which was believed to possibly be an instance of fanditha (black magic).

Police enlisted the help of a ruqyah (white magic practitioner) to deduce whether the coconut actually possessed black magic. It was determined to be fake, and as one source told a Maldivian news outlet, “It seems like it was a joke, just a prank, so that people will become aware, learn the moral, and not do it again.” In the wake of this event, police ramped up surveillance of the polling place in question to be sure no black magic was used on election day.

Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer

Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Optimism Media, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.

Original photo by Stephen Leonardi/ Unsplash

With a narrow range stretching for about 450 miles, from Big Sur to southern Oregon, coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) are the tallest living beings in the world — and one in particular surpasses them all. Named after a titan in Greek mythology and found in California’s Redwood National Park, Hyperion stands 380 feet tall. That’s 65 feet taller than London’s Big Ben and 10 feet taller than the previous record holder, another coast redwood. 

The world’s largest organism is a fungus.

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While redwoods loom over the competition for tallest being, one fungus (Armillaria solidipes) in Oregon is the world’s largest living organism by biomass, stretching 2,385 acres. Colloquially, it’s known as “the Humongous Fungus.”

A redwood’s size is only one of its many fascinating features. The trees’ root systems are relatively shallow (only 6 to 12 feet deep), but can grow more than 100 feet outward from the trunk, giving them stability against heavy winds and flooding. They’re also old — really old — with some redwoods alive today estimated at more than 2,000 years old. That means they were around during the Roman Republic (sempervirens means “always flourishing,” after all). In fact, their age may be one reason these trees can grow so tall. And today, redwoods are more important than ever, because they soak up more CO2 than any other tree on Earth. A typical coast redwood removes 250 tons of carbon from the atmosphere during its lifetime, compared to just 1 ton for a typical tree. That’s why scientists are now finding ways to clone some of the oldest coast redwoods that have ever lived, in the hopes of combating climate change.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Year Europeans first spotted coast redwoods
1769
Size (in millimeters) of microbe Nanoarchaeum equitans, the world’s smallest organism
0.0004
Number of trees on Earth per human, approximately
400
Average distance (in miles) that the moon Hyperion is from Saturn
932,637

Some ______% of the U.S.’s old-growth redwoods have been cut down since the 1850s.

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Some 95% of the U.S.’s old-growth redwoods have been cut down since the 1850s.

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Sequoias are named after a famous member of the Cherokee Nation.

In 1847, Austrian botanist Stephan Endlicher decided that redwoods were a different genus than originally believed, so he gave them a new scientific name. Today, many believe he was inspired by the Cherokee polymath Sequoyah (circa 1775 to 1843), who created the Cherokee writing system, thus giving his people the same “talking leaves” — or words on paper — that Europeans used. Sequoyah likely never laid eyes on what would one day be his namesake, but like Sequoia sempervirens, he remains a towering figure in history.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Illustration by Diana Gerstacker; Photo by Jake Hills/ Unsplash

In the early days of moviegoing, you didn’t just buy a ticket for one feature-length film and leave once the credits started rolling. You were instead treated to a mix of shorts, newsreels, cartoons, and, eventually, trailers — which, per their name, played after the movie rather than before — with people coming and going throughout the day. The idea for trailers came from Nils Granlund, who in addition to being a business manager for movie theaters worked as a producer on Broadway, which explains why the first trailer was actually for a play: 1913’s The Pleasure Seekers.

Many theater owners think trailers are too long.

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If you’d prefer not to spend 20 minutes before every movie watching trailers, you aren’t alone. The National Association of Theater Owners has tried to impose a two-minute limit on previews, which is about 30 seconds shorter than their average individual running time.

Chicago producer William Selig took the idea further that same year by ending each installment of his serialized action-adventure short films with a tantalizing preview of the next chapter — a precursor to ending movies and TV shows on a cliffhanger. Today there are production houses that exclusively make trailers and are handsomely rewarded for their efforts, sometimes to the tune of millions of dollars. 

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Views received by the “Avengers: Endgame” trailer in its first 24 hours
289 million
Length (in minutes) of the longest trailer ever made, for the 30-day-long experimental film “Ambiancé”
440
Nominations the trailer for the World War I drama “1917” received at the 2021 Golden Trailer Awards
11
Trailers narrated by “King of Coming Attractions” Don LaFontaine
5,000

Trailers began playing before movies in the ______.

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Trailers began playing before movies in the 1930s.

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One company made almost every trailer for 40 years.

Between 1919 and 1960, almost every movie trailer was produced by the National Screen Service (NSS) — a near-monopoly that also included posters and other marketing materials. As is the case for a lot of cinematic innovations from the era, we have Alfred Hitchcock to thank for changing that: The “master of suspense” began making his own trailers, including a six-and-a-half-minute preview of Psycho, and other filmmakers followed suit. Trailers have long been recognized as an art form unto themselves, with many moviegoers arriving to theaters early just to see them.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Anna-Nas/ Shutterstock

Deciding when to observe holidays isn’t always an exact science. George Washington wasn’t born on the third Monday of February, for example. Memorial Day’s precise date on the calendar shifts from year to year (it’s always the final Monday of May, in case you’d forgotten), but at least the reasoning behind it is sound: The late spring date was chosen because it was when flowers would be in full bloom. Since adorning the graves of fallen soldiers with wreaths was once the most important part of the holiday, it’s difficult to imagine Memorial Day taking place at another time of year — especially considering that it was first celebrated in the 1860s, when floristry wasn’t quite as commercially developed as it is today.

Memorial Day has always been called that.

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It was originally known as Decoration Day, due to the fact that graves were decorated with flowers. By the late 19th century, as the holiday became more widespread, the name Memorial Day gradually replaced the original moniker.

Certain aspects of the holiday’s origins are murky, but we know that in the wake of the Civil War, many different communities around the country decorated the graves of dead soldiers with blossoms and said prayers. In 1868, General John A. Logan, who led an organization for Northern Civil War veterans, chose May 30 “for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village and hamlet churchyard in the land.” Originally set aside specifically for the Civil War, Memorial Day came to encompass all military casualties during World War I. And while initially it was celebrated on a state and community-wide basis, it became an official federal holiday in 1971.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Number of Veterans Affairs’ national cemeteries
155
Annual revenue of the U.S. floral industry in 2020
$5.1 billion
Number of retail flower shops in the U.S.
15,000
National holidays
11

______ are a symbol of Memorial Day.

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Red poppies are a symbol of Memorial Day.

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More than 20 towns claim to be Memorial Day’s birthplace.

Only one of them is recognized as such, however: Waterloo, New York. President Lyndon B. Johnson made it official with a 1966 proclamation that also recognized the centennial of its first observation of Memorial Day, which took place in the town on May 5, 1866. According to Richard Gardiner, co-author of The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America, however, no such celebration took place in 1866, and Waterloo’s claim to the title is dubious — not that it’s at risk of being taken away. Other towns with their own claims of being the holiday’s birthplace include Boalsburg, Pennsylvania; Carbondale, Illinois; and both Columbus, Mississippi, and Columbus, Georgia, among many others.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by baibaz/ iStock

Some personalities are born, while others are cooked up. The latter was the case with Betty Crocker. In October 1921, the Washburn-Crosby Co. (which would later evolve into General Mills) advertised a contest giveaway in the back of The Saturday Evening Post. In order to get a pincushion shaped like the company’s principal product — Gold Medal Flour — 30,000 readers completed a cut-out puzzle of townspeople rushing past a Gold Medal sign. Lots of the finished puzzles were bundled with letters containing baking queries from women. At the time, the Gold Medal advertising department had an all-male staff, while the home services personnel (initially charged with developing recipes and giving demonstrations) were entirely female. For a while, the advertising team responded to the letters, seeking insight from the home services staff. But advertising manager Samuel Gale thought the women writing in would rather hear from another woman, so he had his reports invent a chief of correspondence named Betty Crocker. The advertisers thought “Betty” sounded wholesome and friendly; “Crocker,” meanwhile, was a nod to the company’s recently retired director, William G. Crocker. 

Betty Crocker was once affiliated with a lifestyle magazine called “Zest.”

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From 1972 to 1975, General Mills partnered with Forum Communications on “Sphere,” a monthly periodical featuring food, fashion, and crafts. The magazine eventually parted ways with Betty Crocker when it proved too hard to sell ads to other companies.

Beginning in 1924, a new Washburn-Crosby home economist named Marjorie Child Husted voiced (and wrote) the Betty Crocker character on daytime radio’s first cooking show, “Betty Crocker Cooking School of the Air.” Although the show was based in Minneapolis, national distribution soon followed — as did hundreds of marriage proposals. Among the longest-running radio broadcasts in U.S. history, “Betty Crocker Cooking School of the Air” lasted for 24 years, even overlapping with “Our Nation’s Rations,” a 1945 program Betty Crocker (Husted) hosted at the request of the U.S. Office of War Information (the show was devoted to helping home cooks make the most of rationed foods).

Betty Crocker then made her way to television with The Betty Crocker Show (1950–1952) and Betty Crocker Star Matinee (1951–1952). Actress Adelaide Hawley Cumming assumed the namesake role in both projects, and afterward provided in-character baking demonstrations in walk-on commercials during The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show for several years. While Betty Crocker was taking on the entertainment world, General Mills commissioned a line of Betty Crocker products, starting with a dried soup mix in 1942. Today, Betty Crocker groceries are sold on every continent except Antarctica. And if you call the General Mills headquarters in Minnesota, there’s always a “Betty Crocker” standing by, ready to answer your culinary questions. 

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Varieties of Betty Crocker products for sale today
200+
Year “Fortune” magazine declared Betty Crocker the “second best-known woman in America”
1945
Weight (in pounds) of the biggest marble cake ever, created by Betty Crocker Middle East in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1,613.78
Published Betty Crocker cookbooks, including the all-time bestseller “Betty Crocker’s Quick and Easy Cookbook”
63 million

Betty Crocker's logo featuring a red ______ first appeared in 1954.

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Betty Crocker's logo featuring a red spoon first appeared in 1954.

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A psychologist convinced Betty Crocker to make their cake mixes less convenient.

Hoping to sell more flour, General Mills — Betty Crocker’s parent company — entered the cake mix industry in 1947. (The first mixes Betty Crocker sold were for Ginger Cake, then Devil’s Food Cake.) All of the brand’s early mixes included powdered milk and eggs, meaning customers only needed to add water. Cake mix sales doubled between 1947 and 1953, the period when Pillsbury — a future General Mills property — also entered the market. However, sales increased only 5% from 1956 to 1960. To improve on this disappointing data, General Mills sought help from Ernest Dichter, a Vienna-born psychologist, marketing consultant, and author who popularized focus groups. Based on his interviews with housewives, Dichter determined that the women felt guilty and self-indulgent when they relied on these simple cake mixes. He proposed tasking home cooks with providing their own eggs, so they could feel like they’d contributed to the final dish. Thus Betty Crocker omitted the powdered eggs from their recipes, heralding the change with the slogan, “Add an egg.” Sales figures began to soar once again — although Something From the Oven: Reinventing Dinner in 1950s America author Laura Shapiro is wary of giving Dichter too much credit for the sales spike. She notes that cakes made with fresh eggs also tend to have a better texture and taste. In addition, food magazines of the era harnessed the idea that cake baking is merely the prelude to cake decorating — a more creative and impactful way to share love through food.

Jenna Marotta
Writer

Jenna is a writer whose work has appeared in The New York Times, The Hollywood Reporter, and New York Magazine.

Original photo by panida wijitpanya/ iStock

Berry classification is a confusing business. People began referring to some fruits as “berries” thousands of years before scientists established their own definitions, some of which are still debated. Today, little effort is made to teach the public about what botanically constitutes a berry, so here’s a bit of help. It’s generally accepted that all berries meet three standards. First, they have a trio of distinct fleshy layers (the outer exocarp, middle mesocarp, and innermost endocarp); second, their endocarps house multiple seeds; third, berries are simple fruits, meaning they develop from flowers with a single ovary.  

The Beatles invented the namesake location for their song "Strawberry Fields Forever."

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Located in Liverpool, England, Strawberry Field is a Salvation Army-owned property that once housed an orphanage. A young neighbor, John Lennon, used to climb over the courtyard's red gates to play with the resident children. In 2019, Strawberry Field opened to the public.

Blueberries and cranberries are true berries, as their names imply. Other berries may surprise you: Avocados, eggplants, grapes, guava, kiwis, papayas, peppers, pomegranates, and tomatoes are all, botanically speaking, berries. Bananas are berries, too, since they meet all three requirements. The exocarp of a banana is its peel, while the mesocarp is the creamy middle surrounding the seedy, also-edible endocarp. Now let’s parse what can constitute a non-berry (definitions sometimes differ). Apricots, cherries, dates, nectarines, peaches, and plums are drupes — simple fruits that have a hard endocarp comprising one seed (or, as we laypersons call it, a pit). Apples, pears, and quince are pomes, simple fruits that receive their own category owing to their core of small seeds and tough skin. With seeds growing on the outside, blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries are, confusingly given their names, neither berries nor simple fruits. Instead, they are called aggregate fruits, because they grow from multiple ovaries of the same flower. No matter what you call them, fruits are still delicious enough to be nicknamed “nature's candy.”

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Grammy Awards received by singer-songwriter Fiona Apple
3
Year the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation began presenting Razzies to the worst actors and films
1981
Weight (in pounds) of the largest fruit salad, dished up in Chécy, France
22,795.8
Cost of the priciest durian fruit ever auctioned
$47,990

On the West Coast, the Banana Slugs are the athletic teams at the University of ______.

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On the West Coast, the Banana Slugs are the athletic teams at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

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There’s an “Edible Park” in Asheville, North Carolina.

Named for the esteemed botanist and inventor, the Dr. George Washington Carver Edible Park debuted in 1997. Also known as the East End neighborhood’s food forest, the park supports more than 40 kinds of fruit and nut trees, including apple, grape, fig, jujube, peach, pear, plum, and paw paw (the largest edible fruit tree native to North America). Visitors are encouraged to pick whatever they like, and can also enjoy a vegetable garden, butterfly garden, and boardwalk. Much of the park maintenance is handled by volunteers from a nonprofit called Bountiful Cities, who advise guests to remember the neediest populations and not take more than they need. The park was the site of the United States’ first public food forest — and the start of a growing (pun intended) trend. Nationwide, in cities such as Atlanta and Philadelphia, more than 70 food forests aim to combat food insecurity while teaching people how to live sustainably.

Jenna Marotta
Writer

Jenna is a writer whose work has appeared in The New York Times, The Hollywood Reporter, and New York Magazine.

Illustration by Diana Gerstacker; Photo by David Menidrey/ Unsplash

We tend to think of space as cold and dark, but that’s only because most stars are light-years away from the pale blue dot we call home. The universe is actually quite bright on the whole, and its color has been given an appropriately celestial name: “cosmic latte.” In 2002, astronomers at Johns Hopkins University determined the shade after studying the light emitted by 200,000 different galaxies. They held a contest to give the result — a kind of creamy beige — its evocative moniker. (Other entries in the contest included “univeige” and “skyvory.”)

The universe is still expanding.

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Astronomers know that the universe continues to expand, though they disagree on how rapidly that’s occurring. One recent study says that it’s growing at a rate of 73.3 kilometers per second per megaparsec, with a megaparsec being about 3.3 million light-years — so, pretty fast.

As with just about everything in the universe, however, the color isn’t fixed: It’s become less blue and more red over the last 10 billion years, likely as a result of redder stars becoming more prevalent. In another 10 billion years, we may even need to rename the color entirely.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Astronauts who have walked on the moon
12
Calories in a 16-ounce latte from Starbucks
190
Years since the Big Bang occurred
13.8 billion
Average temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) on Venus
880

Coffee beans are actually the ______ of the coffee plant's berries.

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Coffee beans are actually the seeds of the coffee plant's berries.

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NASA didn’t really spend millions of dollars developing a pen that could write in space.

The second half of this oft-cited myth contrasts NASA’s supposed approach with that of the Soviet Union, who are said to have simply given their cosmonauts pencils. American astronauts did likewise, though NASA wasn’t always thrilled about it — pencils are flammable, and their tips breaking off could lead to damage on sensitive equipment. The so-called space pens actually came from the Fisher Pen Company, which offered its AG-7 “Anti-Gravity” pen to NASA in 1965. None of the investment money came from the government, however, and astronauts and cosmonauts alike ended up using the writing tools at a cost of $2.39 per pen.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Richard Stephen/ iStock

On a statistical level, some of the world’s most fearsome predators aren’t actually that fearsome. Wolves succeed in about only 20% of their attempts to catch prey, whereas lions enjoy a success rate of around 30% when working as a pack. Those numbers, though respectable, pale in comparison to the success rate of the mighty dragonfly, which catches about 95% of the prey it pursues — making it the world’s most successful hunter.

These insects do all their hunting in midair, of course, making the feat even more impressive; they mainly prey on small insects such as mosquitoes, flies, or butterflies. Scientists attribute this prowess to dragonflies’ nearly 360-degree field of vision, their individually controlled wings, and their brains’ unique ability to coordinate these instantaneous actions.

Most dragonflies are aquatic for the majority of their lifespan.

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Baby dragonflies reside in water before reaching their adult form, and their larval stage can last between one and three years. As adults, they typically live just six to eight weeks.

Other surprisingly adept hunters include the harbor porpoise, whose success rate hovers at around 90% (allowing them to chow down on more than 500 small fish per hour), and African wild dogs, which capture their prey more than 60% of the time — though they often lose them to larger predators such as lions and hyenas.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Maximum mosquitoes a single dragonfly can eat in a day
100+
Years dragonfly-like creatures have existed
300 million
Known species of dragonflies
3,000+
Speed (in mph) a dragonfly can reach
35

The world’s smallest dragonfly is the ______.

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The world’s smallest dragonfly is the scarlet dwarf.

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One dragonfly species’ migration has been called “the most extraordinary journey in nature.”

The more you learn about dragonflies, the more astonished you’ll be by these tiny creatures. Consider the globe skimmer, for instance, which more than lives up to its name: The “winged wanderer,” as it’s often referred to, completes the longest migration of any insect, an 11,000-mile journey between India and Africa that Discover Magazine called “the most extraordinary journey in nature” — in part because it takes several generations to complete, meaning no single dragonfly can complete it itself.

At just a few centimeters long, globe skimmers can fly for 90 hours straight — albeit with a fair bit of assistance from wind, which is why the journey can only be undertaken at certain times of year. To keep their energy up, they eat small insects and aerial plankton. Their exact route has yet to be plotted, however, because globe skimmers are literally too small for any existing tracking devices.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by ehrlif/ iStock

H.O.M.E.S.: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. That’s the order in which American schoolchildren learn to recall the Great Lakes. But if you were to remember the sea-sized lakes according to their size, Lake Superior would come first. At 31,700 square miles — the approximate size of the state of South Carolina — Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes. It also happens to be the world’s largest freshwater lake by surface area, holding more than 10% of the planet’s surface fresh water. (Close to 70% of Earth’s remaining fresh water is inaccessible, stored frozen in glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost.)  

There’s a national park inside Lake Superior.

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At 207 square miles, Isle Royale is the largest island in Lake Superior; it’s also one of the least-visited national parks. Visitors can only reach the park by boat or seaplane between April and October, before it closes each winter due to extreme weather conditions.

While each of the Great Lakes is massive, Lake Superior’s size is staggering. Reaching a maximum depth of 406 meters (about 1,332 feet), Superior is the coldest and deepest of its sister lakes. It contains about 3 quadrillion gallons of water — half of the water in all the Great Lakes. And while water from Lake Superior feeds into Lake Huron, scientists believe that Superior retains water so well that it would take 191 years to empty if it never received another drop.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Species of fish found in Lake Superior, including sturgeon, trout, and pike
80+
Rivers that feed into Lake Superior, from both the U.S. and Canada
200+
Length (in miles) of the Great Lakes Circle Tour, a scenic route around the five lakes
6,500+
People supplied with drinking water from the Great Lakes (about 12% of the U.S. population)
40 million+

Lake Erie is supposedly home to a Loch Ness-like water monster named ______.

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Lake Erie is supposedly home to a Loch Ness-like water monster named Bessie.

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The world’s largest freshwater island is inside Lake Huron.

Humans have long explored the Great Lakes’ rugged waters, coming across thousands of islands along the way — about 30,000, to be exact. While many of these islands are as tiny as boulders, some are exceptional in size, such as Manitoulin Island, the world’s largest freshwater island. Situated within the waters of Lake Huron, Manitoulin Island measures 100 miles in length and is large enough that it contains 108 lakes. Some of those basins are sizable enough to contain their own islands, like Lake Mindemoya, which is home to the 87-acre Treasure Island, aka the world’s largest natural island in a lake on an island in a lake. Unlike many of the Great Lakes’ smaller islets, Manitoulin Island isn’t uninhabited; because of its close proximity to Ontario, the Canadian island has a year-round population of more than 14,300 people, and is a popular spot among vacationers and tourists.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by ljubaphoto/ iStock

If you look closely in the mirror at the inside corner of either of your eyes, you’ll notice a pinkish protuberance. This thin, curved membrane sits directly adjacent to the eyeball and is called the plica semilunaris, which is an evolutionary remnant of the nictitating membrane, known colloquially as the “third eyelid.” (This is not to be confused with the lacrimal caruncle, a tiny bump at the very edge of the eye that helps keep the eye moist.) Though the third eyelid is useless for us modern humans, it once served a purpose for our prehistoric ancestors.

Many animals, including dogs, cats, and some birds, reptiles, and fish, still have a functioning nictitating membrane. This translucent membrane protects the eye while still allowing the animal to see, and also essentially acts like windshield wipers by removing debris and maintaining moisture. Birds rely on their nictitating membrane while in flight and fish while swimming. Its purpose in prehistoric humans remains unclear due to the lack of definitive fossil records.

Human embryos form tails during development.

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During development, human embryos briefly grow tails. This posterior appendage forms around the fifth gestational week and is usually absorbed into the body eight weeks after conception. In rare cases — fewer than 40 recorded instances to date — humans have been born with these tails.

In fact, the third eyelid is believed to have lost its usefulness in humans long before the first appearance of Homo sapiens roughly 300,000 years ago. This is due to relaxed selection — an evolutionary phenomenon wherein formerly advantageous traits become less prominent with infrequent use. However, these traits can continue to physically stick around if they don’t actively hinder survival. The plica semilunaris is an example of one of these vestigial structures — a useless, harmless feature that shrunk but never fully disappeared.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Most recorded human blinks in a single minute
277
Weight (in ounces) of the average human eyeball
0.25
Muscles in the human eye
6
Percentage of males who are red-green colorblind (0.5% for females)
8%

The largest eyes of any living creature belong to the ______.

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The largest eyes of any living creature belong to the colossal squid.

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Charles Darwin waited more than two decades to publish his theory of evolution.

From 1831 to 1836, naturalist Charles Darwin traveled the world researching evolution — but even after his return to England, he didn’t reveal his findings to the public for another two decades. Some claim Darwin feared a negative reaction from scientific and religious communities, while others suggest he used the gap to ensure his theory was irrefutable, hoping to compose an extensive, unassailable treatise before informing the world.

In 1858, Darwin received an essay from naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace that proposed similar evolutionary theories to his own. This unexpected development prompted Darwin to divulge his findings to the scientific community alongside Wallace. In 1859, he introduced his theory of natural selection in his work On the Origin of Species. Later, in 1871, Darwin published The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, in which he first publicly posited that humans descended from apes.

Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer

Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Optimism Media, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.