Ruth Wakefield was no cookie-cutter baker. In fact, she is widely credited with developing the world’s first recipe for chocolate chip cookies. In 1937, Wakefield and her husband, Kenneth, owned the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts. While mulling new desserts to serve at the inn’s restaurant, she decided to make a batch of butter drop-do cookies (a thin butterscotch treat) with an alteration, using semisweet chocolate instead of baker’s chocolate. Rather than melting in the baker’s chocolate, she used an ice pick to cut the semisweet chocolate into tiny pieces. Upon removing the cookies from the oven, Wakefield found that the semisweet chocolate had held its shape much better than baker’s chocolate, which tended to spread throughout the dough during baking to create a chocolate-flavored cookie. These cookies, instead, had sweet little nuggets of chocolate studded throughout. The recipe for the treats — known as Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookies — was included in a late 1930s edition of her cookbook, Ruth Wakefield’s Tried and True Recipes.
German chocolate cake was actually created in Texas.
Baker’s Chocolate employee Sam German created a baking chocolate — Baker’s German’s Sweet Chocolate — for the company in 1852. More than a century later, Mrs. George Clay of Dallas used his chocolate when she submitted the first German chocolate cake recipe to her local newspaper.
The cookies were a huge success, and Nestlé hired Wakefield as a recipe consultant in 1939, the same year they bought the rights to print her recipe on packages of their semisweet chocolate bars. To help customers create their own bits of chocolate, the bars came prescored in 160 segments, with an enclosed cutting tool. Around 1940 — three years after that first batch of chocolate chip cookies appeared fresh out of the oven — Nestlé began selling bags of Toll House Real Semi-Sweet Chocolate Morsels, which some dubbed “chocolate chips.” By 1941, “chocolate chip cookies” was the universally recognized name for the delicious treat. An updated version of Wakefield’s recipe, called Original Nestlé Toll House Chocolate Chip Cookies, still appears on every bag of morsels. For her contributions to Nestlé, Wakefield reportedly received a lifetime supply of chocolate.
Jim Carrey’s reporter in the 2003 film “Bruce Almighty” often uses the sign-off “That’s the way the cookie crumbles.”
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Cookie Monster’s first name is Sidney.
Sesame Street’s resident treat fanatic first revealed his given name in a 2004 episode. During a flashback to his high-chair years, the furry blue Muppet (voiced by puppeteer David Rudman) sang about his introduction to cookies. Mid-duet with his mom, the bonneted baby monster rhymed, “Me was just a mild-mannered little kid / In fact, back then, me think me name was Sid.” The show’s official Twitter account later confirmed that “Sid” was short for “Sidney.” In a 2017 video interview, Cookie Monster reiterated, “Me real name’s Sid Monster.” Incidentally, when Rudman wears the puppet, the back of Cookie Monster’s throat runs down Rudman’s sleeve to give the appearance that Cookie Monster is really eating. The baked treats Cookie Monster “consumes” are actually decorated rice cakes, since the oils from real cookies would damage the puppet.
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Marie Antoinette’s most famous line has echoed for more than 200 years, reportedly adding fuel to the fire of France’s revolution. The only problem is that the French queen’s supposed declaration is a myth — historians don’t think Marie Antoinette ever said, “Let them eat cake,” after being told her subjects had no bread. Researchers point to two main plot holes in the quote’s supposed backstory, the first being its phrasing in English. In fact, the French queen is supposed to have said, “Qu’ils mangent de la brioche,” or “Let them eat brioche,” a reference to a decadent bread made with eggs and butter.
Marie Antoinette helped popularize potatoes in France.
Eighteenth-century botanists adapted potatoes to Europe’s climate, though many Europeans believed they were unsafe to eat — until Marie Antoinette got involved. The queen wore a spray of potato flowers in her hair in 1785, leading spuds to become a fashionable food for high society.
The second problem is that the outline of the tale predates Marie Antoinette’s reign. At least one similar story cropped up around the 16th century in Germany, wherein a noblewoman suggested the poorest citizens in her kingdom eat sweetened bread. However, the first person to print the line about brioche was likely Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher who mentioned the story around 1767 in his book Confessions, attributing the comment to a “great princess.” Rousseau’s text was published when Marie Antoinette was still a child in Austria, though it’s possible the story inspired French revolutionaries decades later, and was repeated with the addition of Marie Antoinette’s name as propaganda against the French monarchy. Yet there is no historical evidence (aka printed materials) that proves the queen ever uttered the phrase.
While Marie Antoinette was known for her excessive spending, some historians say the centuries-long smear to her reputation has long overshadowed her philanthropic side. As queen, she established a home for unwed mothers, personally adopted and cared for orphans, and even sold the royal flatware in 1787 to cover the cost of grain for impoverished families — all activities befitting a benevolent ruler who just so happened to love shopping.
The Ohio town of Marietta was named for Marie Antoinette in 1788.
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Baking powder wasn’t invented until 1856.
Today, baking a cake can be as quick as whipping together a store-bought mix with eggs and oil, but until the mid-19th century it was an arduous task for home cooks. That’s because baking powder — the leavening agent that gives baked goods their light and fluffy texture — wasn’t invented until 1856. Before then, baking pastries and breads required advanced planning, since achieving an airy texture meant using yeast — which wasn’t commercially available until 1822. Bakers often had to create their own yeast by fermenting fruit, vegetables, or grains. And even with a successful infusion of yeast, batter had to rise between 12 and 24 hours; in some cases bakers tried other strategies, like whipping eggs thoroughly to add air bubbles, using caustic pearlash (which could add a bitter flavor), or by 1846 using the newly invented baking soda mixed with an acidic liquid like sour milk. Then, in 1856, chemist and Harvard professor Eben Norton Horsford patented the first baking powder containing monocalcium phosphate, an acidic compound extracted from boiled animal bones. Horsford’s unique product blended the ingredient with baking soda in a shelf-stable, easy-to-use compound that would become popular among chefs and turn the baking powder business into a multimillion-dollar industry by 1900.
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The next time you pop some jelly beans into your mouth, you may want to take a moment to appreciate just how much effort goes into producing these bite-sized delights. As explained by industry giant Jelly Belly, the process begins by heating a sugar, cornstarch, corn syrup, and water mixture, known as a slurry, and adding fruit purée, juice concentrate, or other ingredients for flavoring. From there, the mixture is squirted into cornstarch-coated molding trays and left to solidify into the chewy jelly bean centers.
President Ronald Reagan had 720 bags of jelly beans delivered to the White House each month.
Reagan, who turned to the sweets to help stop smoking, developed an insatiable taste for jelly beans during his tenure as California’s governor. In 1981, he received 3.5 tons of red, white, and blue jelly beans for his presidential inauguration.
The following day, the bean centers are sent through a steam bath and a sugar shower to keep them from sticking. They are then loaded into a spinning machine for a process known as “panning,” in which sugar and syrup are manually applied over the course of two hours to slowly build each bean’s candied shell. Following another settling period, the candies receive an additional syrup coating, before being polished with confectioner’s glaze and beeswax. Upon earning a final thumbs-up by way of visual inspection and spot taste-testing, the beans are stamped with the Jelly Belly logo and shipped out into the world.
It's a lot of shower, rinse, rest, and repeat for a process that takes seven to 14 days to complete. And while that might seem like an outsized increment of time for such a tiny edible, the Americans who gobble down an average of 16 billion jelly beans every Easter seem to think it’s worth it.
National Jelly Bean Day is annually celebrated on April 22.
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Jelly beans first appeared in the United States during the 19th century.
Nobody knows for sure where jelly beans came from, but they’re said to have descended from a pair of European predecessors: jellied Turkish delights, which became the pride of Istanbul in the late 18th century, and Jordan almonds, which began receiving their candy shells in the 15th century. Allegedly mentioned early on in a Civil War-era advertisement from Boston candymaker William Schrafft, jelly beans were considered a Yuletide specialty by the end of the 19th century, before becoming more closely associated with Easter within a few decades. But perhaps the biggest step in jelly bean history came in 1965, when the Herman Goelitz Candy Company found a way to flavor both the chewy center and the crunchy shell of their Mini Jelly Beans, creating the modern marvel still enjoyed by candy connoisseurs everywhere.
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For about as long as the country bridging North and Central America has been on the map, it’s been known by some form of the word “Mexico.” The term even appears in the 1603 English edition of the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum — the world’s first modern atlas. But in its 200-plus years of history, the country has never officially been named Mexico. Instead, the country’s Constitution of 1824, inspired by the American Revolution, created Estados Unidos Mexicanos, or the United Mexican States. Two centuries later, this is still the country’s official name, though it’s mostly used by government officials and diplomats conducting business with other countries.
Cinco de Mayo is celebrated more in the U.S. than in Mexico.
Cinco de Mayo commemorates the Mexican army’s unlikely victory at the Battle of Puebla in 1862. Although it’s sporadically celebrated in Mexico, the U.S. adopted the holiday in the ’50s and ’60s to bridge American and Mexican cultures and to celebrate Mexican American identity.
In recent years, there have been attempts to align the country’s name with the more common, simplified moniker. In 2012, outgoing Mexican President Felipe Calderon put forward a motion to finally adopt “Mexico” as the official name of the nation. “It’s time that we Mexicans retake the beauty and simplicity of our motherland’s name: Mexico,” Calderon said at the time, “a name that we use when chanting or singing, a name that identifies us throughout the world and that makes us proud.” However, nothing came of Calderon’s lame-duck effort. As of right now, the moniker crowning the country’s coat of arms — stamped on every Mexican passport — still reads “Estados Unidos Mexicanos.”
“Mexico” may come from Náhuatl words that mean “in the moon’s belly button.”
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Mexico City wasn’t officially named Mexico City until 2016.
On January 29, 2016, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto officially recognized the name of the country’s capital as Mexico City. Although this sounds perplexing for foreigners who’ve always used the name, for residents of the capital (who are also known as chilangos, defeños, or capitalinos), this was big news. That’s because until that moment, Mexico City’s official name was Distrito Federal (D.F. for short), or Federal District, as stipulated by the nation’s 1824 constitution. The renaming of the capital was decades in the making, and followed the lackluster federal response to the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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There are plenty of ships in the U.S. Navy, but only one has the curious distinction of flying the Jolly Roger — the ominous flag typically associated with pirates. Although a skull and crossbones is the most common adornment, lawless seamen during the golden age of piracy (1650-1720) flew many grisly symbols, including skeletons but also bleeding hearts and sharp weapons. After closing in on a ship, pirates hoisted the Jolly Roger at the last minute, and though designs varied from ship to ship, the message was clear — surrender or die.
The real Captain Morgan was Sir Henry Morgan, a Welsh buccaneer who operated in the Caribbean in the 17th century. He served as deputy governor of Jamaica under King Charles II and spent the final years of his life there.
But for the U.S. destroyer USS Kidd, flying the Jolly Roger is less about striking fear into the hearts of its enemies than it is an 80-year-long tradition. The ship honors Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, who earned the nickname “Cap” while attending the U.S. Naval Academy due to his name’s similarity to the infamous 17th-century pirate Captain Kidd. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Kidd was killed aboard the USS Arizona. Within two years, a Fletcher-class destroyer bearing his name sailed the Pacific. The ship’s crew kept the nickname alive by adopting the Jolly Roger and calling themselves “the Pirates of the Pacific,” though their “booty” often involved retrieving downed Allied fighter pilots. Today’s USS Kidd, commissioned in 2007, is actually the third ship to bear the name and the third to hoist the fearful flag of a bygone era.
Arguably the most infamous pirate in history, Blackbeard was actually named Edward Teach.
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Pirates (and mutineers) probably never “walked the plank.”
The 1724 book A General History of the Pyrates, possibly written by Daniel Defoe, describes how Mediterranean pirates held a ladder over the side of the ship and told their Roman captives they were free to go if they could swim to shore. This is the first historical reference to something like the well-worn feature of pirate lore known as “walking the plank” — and it also probably never happened. Other than that colorful account, along with future embellishments by authors such as Robert Louis Stevenson and Howard Pyle, no direct historical account describes a process akin to “walking the plank.” During the golden age of piracy, punishment was usually more gruesome, and included lashing, marooning, or just being thrown overboard. Although the idea of “walking the plank” was likely too colorful for authors writing swashbuckling adventures to pass up, real-life pirates didn’t have such a flair for the theatrical.
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Most rats live their lives entirely unseen by humans. As kings of the background, they often scurry through human environments just out of sight or after dark, looking for leftover morsels. But researchers believe rats might be picking up more than just our food crumbs — they could also be picking up on the beats in our music. A study published in 2022 suggests rats may have a humanlike sense of rhythm, which they express by bopping their heads to the beat. Scientists once believed that few animals were beat-sensitive (aside from some birds), but rats exposed to music made microscopic head movements that were picked up by tiny, wireless motion detectors. The researchers hypothesized that rats would prefer faster jams thanks in part to their rapid heartbeats, though surprisingly, lab rats synced up best with music in the 120 to 140 beats-per-minute range — just like humans.
Magawa, a trained African giant pouched rat, sniffed out more than 100 explosives in Cambodia before dying in 2022. Five years of mine-detecting work landed him a medal, though he wasn’t the only rat with a job; an organization called APOPO has trained hundreds to detect land mines.
Humans have long wondered if animals respond to music the way we do. Charles Darwin’s studies examined the relationship between animals and music, believing rhythm could be found throughout nature and may have been the precursor to music. Today, some experts believe only certain species have the ability to really respond to changing beats — notably bats, birds, dolphins, and elephants, which all have the complex ability to learn and repeat new sounds. However, some studies show other animals interact with music, too; one experiment found that pigs exposed to certain music became playful and wagged their tails. Additionally, many farmers report their cows are calmer when the radio is on, with a supporting study reporting that dairy cows produce 3% more milk while listening to slow tunes (fast music had no effect). And when it comes to our best pet companions, music is known to soothe anxious dogs in shelters and adoption centers, though felines — known for being a bit finicky — couldn’t care less about human music. However, they do respond positively to tailored tunes that use beats and frequencies similar to their own meows.
Rats are found on every continent except Antarctica.
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Rats are picky eaters.
If you’ve ever been hesitant about trying a new food, you have something in common with rats. That’s because rats are known for being picky eaters. These discerning rodents are cautious for good reason — they’re unable to vomit, so avoiding potential poisoning is top of mind with every new food they find, since they can’t purge toxins the way humans do. Wild rats are known to test out new foods in small amounts, taking a few nibbles and waiting hours to see if they have any unfortunate side effects before diving into their scavenged meals. And just like humans, rats appear to gain more sophisticated palates as they age; younger rats seem to prefer sugary treats, though they eventually learn to enjoy more bitter flavors as they get older.
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During his 82 years in the spotlight, the wildfire prevention mascot has kindled lots of goodwill. So much, in fact, that in 1964, the U.S. Postal Service created a unique ZIP code for Smokey Bear’s mail. Not bad for a mascot that started out as a purely fictional character. In 1944, working on a commission from the War Advertising Council and the U.S. Forest Service, Saturday Evening Post artist Albert Staehle and writer Harold Rosenberg crafted the reassuring, safety-conscious black bear, now the face of the country’s longest-running public service campaign, where he frequently shares his famous slogan: “Only you can prevent wildfires.”
Smokey Bear has always been Smokey Bear. The confusion over his name likely stemmed from the song “Smokey the Bear,” written by Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins. They added “the” to fit the melody of the song, but it has never been an official part of his moniker.
In 1950, a 5-pound black bear cub rescued from a New Mexico wildfire by Taos Pueblo firefighters was christened “Smokey Bear” as a living homage to the popular protective figure. This bear spent the rest of his life at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. There, he, his successor — Smokey II — and their alter ego received up to 13,000 letters, drawings, Christmas cards, and honey shipments each week. To help sort these deliveries, the bears were given their own Washington, D.C., ZIP code: 20252. Some of the mail was undoubtedly postmarked with Smokey Bear stamps, which were printed with the likenesses of the first two bears and released on the 40th anniversary of the character’s debut. From around 2007 to 2014, the ZIP code was decommissioned, but it was revived for the mascot’s 70th anniversary. The original bear also has his own Instagram account, where he shares fire prevention tips with the hashtag #OnlyYou — now a more vital message than ever.
“ZIP,” a U.S. Postal Service acronym introduced in 1963, stands for Zone Improvement Plan.
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At least 40 buildings in Manhattan have their own ZIP codes.
Sometimes, an address receives such a high volume of mail that the best way for the USPS to stay organized is to give the property its own five-digit ZIP code. This phenomenon is particularly common in New York City, which is home to more than 8 million people. In the borough of Manhattan alone, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 30 Rockefeller Center are just a few landmarks with their own ZIP codes. Within greater New York state, there are site-specific ZIP codes too, such as 12345 for the General Electric headquarters in Schenectady. Other buildings around the country also have their own ZIP codes — including L.A.’s Dodger Stadium, Chicago’s Willis Tower, and the White House.
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No one likes hiccups. Luckily, these involuntary spasmodic interruptions usually last only a few minutes. On rare occasions, hiccups persist for a few days, and even more rarely still they persist for longer than a month (in which case they can be considered “intractable”). Then there’s the strange case of Charles Osborne, who was afflicted with a continuous case of hiccups for 68 years — recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest case of hiccups in history. Osborne’s story began with an accident on June 13, 1922, in which he accidentally slipped and fell. His doctor later said he popped a blood vessel in his brain the size of a pin, and theorized that Osborne must have damaged the incredibly small area of the brain that controls and inhibits hiccups.
Most (if not all) air-breathing mammals suffer this same periodic annoyance. However, scientists have not observed hiccups in reptiles, amphibians, or birds.
Osborne’s diaphragm spasmed 20 to 40 times a minute, on average, during his waking hours — meaning he hiccuped roughly 430 million times throughout his life. To cope with this never-before-seen disorder, Osborne learned breathing techniques that effectively masked his constant hiccuping. Later in life, he appeared in magazines and on late-night television shows to talk about his ailment. In 1978, Osborne told the Associated Press that he’d “give everything I got in the world if I could get rid of them.” Although he traveled the world in search of a cure — even offering $10,000 to anyone who could find one — the best he could do was cope with the affliction. Finally, in 1990, his diaphragm suddenly ended its 68-year-long spasmodic episode on its own. Sadly, Osborne died less than a year later, but he was at least able to experience the final days of his life sans hiccups.
The medical term for hiccups is “singultus,” from the Latin for “to catch one’s breath when crying.”
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Scientists aren’t exactly sure why we hiccup.
For something so ubiquitous, it’s surprising that we still can’t explain why hiccups exist. Scientists note that they do exist for a reason, because a hiccup is not simply a twitch of the muscles, but a complex motor act designed to do … something. Although we still don’t know for sure what that “something” is, experts have a few ideas. One of the most astounding hypotheses is that hiccups are a genetic holdover from way back — like “when we had gills” way back. Some scientists have argued that hiccuping could be an evolutionary leftover from when we had a need for gill ventilation. Other ideas suggest that hiccups are a way that infants learn how to regulate their breathing (which for some reason persists into adulthood). This seems to support other evidence that humans tend to hiccup less as they age. Other theories suggest that hiccups could be a method for clearing food stuck in the esophagus. For now, the humble hiccup remains a perplexing biological mystery.
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Original photo by Pavlovska Yevheniia/ Shutterstock
While names like Hershey’s and 3 Musketeers (which originally included three bars) are fairly straightforward, some candy bar monikers are more elusive. Case in point: What, exactly, is a Snickers? Well, it’s actually a “who” — and not a human “who” at that. The candy bar was named after one of the Mars family’s favorite horses. Franklin Mars founded Mars, Incorporated (originally known as Mar-O-Bar Co.) in 1911, introducing Snickers in 1930; when it came time to name his product, he did what any pet lover would do and immortalized his equine friend as only a candy magnate could. (By some accounts, the horse passed away shortly before the product’s launch.)
Snickers is one of the bestselling candy bars in the world.
It isn’t just Americans who love the nougaty, nutty confection — Snickers is popular across the globe. Other bestsellers in the chocolate bar category include Toblerone, Twix, and the classic Hershey Milk Chocolate Bar.
As Mars has grown, it has retained a dual focus on both candy and pets. M&M’s, Twix, and Milky Way are all Mars products, as are Iams, Pedigree, and Royal Canin. If you’ve ever wondered how M&M’s got their name, the story is slightly less interesting — it’s simply the last initials of Forrest Mars (Frank’s son) and partner-in-candy Bruce Murrie. The company is known for secrecy, with the family itself having been described as a “reclusive dynasty,” which means it’s a minor miracle that the identity of Snickers the horse was ever revealed in the first place.
Snickers was originally called Marathon in the U.K.
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Baby Ruth bars weren’t named after the baseball player.
Despite how similar their names are, Baby Ruth bears no relation to Babe Ruth. The chocolate bar was actually named after Ruth Cleveland, daughter of President Grover Cleveland — assuming you believe the company’s official story, that is. The treat was introduced in 1921, 17 years after Ruth Cleveland’s untimely passing from diphtheria at age 12 and 24 years after the former president left office. The Great Bambino, meanwhile, had become the first person to hit 50 home runs in a single season the year before. The Sultan of Swat went so far as to end up in a court battle with the Curtiss Candy Company after he licensed his own name to a rival confectioner, but the 1931 ruling wasn’t in his favor. Baby Ruth’s connection to America’s pastime has only grown since then, and in 2006 it was even named the official candy bar of Major League Baseball for three years.
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Many of us consider blushing embarrassing, but Charles Darwin called it “the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions.” There’s a good reason for that: We’re one of the only species known to do it, aside from birds (although researchers are still teasing out whether our feathered friends blush for the same reasons we do). Whether the result of committing a social faux pas or just being paid a compliment, the involuntary reaction occurs in humans when the blood vessels in our face dilate and more blood flows to our cheeks. Part of our fight-or-flight response, it also entails an adrenaline rush and an increased heart rate. The reaction may be mostly unique to humans in part because our facial skin is relatively well exposed, and because embarrassment requires knowing (or imagining) what others are thinking about you — pretty complex cognitive stuff, actually.
It isn’t just your cheeks that turn red when you blush. The same thing happens to your stomach lining, a response caused by the sympathetic nervous system increasing blood flow throughout the body.
For all that, we still don’t know exactly what purpose blushing serves. Some theorize that it helps keep us honest (it can’t be faked, after all), while one study suggests that blushing after a social transgression “serves to signal the actor’s genuine regret or remorse over a wrongdoing” — in other words, it acts as physical evidence that we know we’ve made a mistake. This, in turn, makes others more likely to not only forgive our slight but also view us in a more favorable light. This is doubly true when it results from being given a compliment — who doesn’t find that reaction endearing? Maybe it’s not so embarrassing after all.
In the Middle Ages, wealthy women used a combination of strawberries and water as blush.
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Blushing has a phobia associated with it.
It’s called erythrophobia, and it’s most common in those who experience such severe blushing that they avoid situations that might cause it — think public speaking or meeting new people. If a person is embarrassed by the fact that they’re blushing, this can often cause them to blush more; for some, reddening of the skin extends to the upper chest, neck, and ears. This often goes hand in hand with social anxiety, with each condition intensifying the other. The good news is that there are ways to mitigate or even move past erythrophobia, including exposure therapy and general mindfulness.
Michael Nordine
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Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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