As strange and perhaps alarming as it sounds, children in most of the United Kingdom are legally allowed to consume alcohol at home at the age of 5. (The exception is Scotland, which doesn’t have any minimum age for at-home alcohol consumption.) But that doesn’t mean a 5-year-old can go to an off-licence (a British liquor store) and buy a six-pack of beer — they certainly wouldn’t be served.
In most circumstances, the legal drinking age in the U.K. is 18, meaning below this age, it’s illegal to buy alcohol or drink it in public, including in pubs and restaurants (with some exceptions for 16- and 17-year-olds if accompanied by an adult). However, the 1933 Children and Young Persons Act specifies it’s illegal to give alcohol to “any child under the age of 5 years.”
In the U.K., it’s illegal to handle salmon in suspicious circumstances.
By order of the Salmon Act 1986, it’s illegal in the U.K. to handle salmon in “suspicious circumstances” — for instance, if the fish is believed to have been obtained illegally, perhaps through poaching. The law includes the furtive handling of trout, eels, lampreys, smelt, and freshwater fish.
Ergo, it’s technically permitted to give a child an alcoholic drink if they meet that age minimum, and, importantly, if they’re not in public. So in the privacy of one’s own home, it’s not against the law — though certainly not recommended — to give a drink to children 5 and up.
Strange as the law may seem, in some parts of the world (such as Scotland) there’s no minimum age at all for children drinking at home — including some states in the U.S. In 29 American states, minors of any age are legally allowed to drink in a private residence under parental supervision.
The intent behind a low (or no) minimum age limit for drinking at home is harm reduction and making alcohol appear less like a tempting “forbidden fruit.” With no age restrictions, parents can teach responsible drinking in a controlled environment. In some countries, the consumption of small quantities of alcohol at home is also part of the culture — in France, for example, it’s quite normal for kids to drink a glass of watered-down wine at family meals.
The largest wine-producing country in the world is Italy, which puts out around 4.4 billion liters annually.
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Beer coaster collecting is known as “tegestology.”
The hobby of collecting beer coasters, also known as beer mats, is tegestology. The first known written usage of the word dates to 1960, but the history of beer mats is much older.
Coasters as we know them today first made an appearance in the late 19th century, and around 1880, the German printing and board mill company Friedrich Horn began making small cardboard mats specifically for beer. Using cardboard allowed for greater absorption of spills and also opened up a whole new world of advertising. It was cheap and easy to print ads on the disposable coasters, and the mats soon appeared in pubs and bars across Europe.
Breweries began making their own coasters to distribute to pubs along with their ales, and the designs became increasingly colorful and ornate — and, ultimately, collectible. Perhaps the most notable tegestologist is Leo Pisker of Langenzersdorf, Austria, who assembled a collection of around 152,860 different beer mats from 192 countries — a feat recognized by Guinness World Records.
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In January 1865, four months before the Civil War’s end, Harper’s Weekly published the story of a peculiar flour sack credited with raising thousands of dollars for injured soldiers. The tale — entirely true — began in Austin, Nevada, the previous year. On the eve of city elections, two wagering men, area merchant Reuel Colt Gridley and Dr. Henry Herrick, placed a bet on the vote’s outcome. The loser would pay up with a 50-pound sack of flour, but not before a dose of public humiliation: Whoever lost had to ceremoniously march down the town’s main strip with the bag, all to the tune of “John Brown’s Body” (a patriotic melody that would later inspire “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”).
Enriched bread and flour were popularized during World War II.
In the 20th century, white bread got its color from super-milled (and nutrient-lacking) flour. By World War II, federal agencies found soldiers were often vitamin-deficient, and promoted enriching flour with iron and B vitamins. It was such a success that 36 states required it postwar.
Within a day, the losing bettor, Gridley, was being cheered on by his fellow townsfolk — who turned out in numbers to watch the spectacle — as he followed a brass band down the city’s center, flour sack over his shoulder. At the end of his march, he handed the sack to the bet’s winner, Herrick, but not without first recommending it be donated to the Sanitary Commission, a relief agency that provided care for sick and injured Union soldiers. Herrick agreed, and soon after the hefty sack of flour was auctioned for $350. But in an act of gallantry, the winner asked that the sack be sold again, raising another $250. Surrounding towns joined in, and before long Gridley and the “Sanitary Sack of Flour” had gone as far as San Francisco and raised $63,000. Newspapers spread the story, leading the flour sack across the country, raising upwards of $275,000 (more than $4 million today), and ending up as far as New York City. Gridley, who had started the journey as a Confederate sympathizer, returned to Nevada an ardent supporter of the Union; the famed Sanitary Sack returned with him and remains on display in Reno at the state’s Historical Society Museum.
Before they’re ground into flour, the seeds of wheat plants are called berries.
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President Hoover’s presidential library has a flour sack collection.
Before he sat in the Oval Office, Herbert Hoover was a wealthy entrepreneur and philanthropist living in London at the outbreak of World War I. Using his political connections and social standing, Hoover founded the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) in 1914, a volunteer organization that raised food and funds for more than 9 million starving Belgian and French citizens trapped in a blockade between German and British troops. Through negotiations with both militaries, the CRB was able to distribute more than 5.7 million tons of food across 2,500 towns, while keeping a watchful eye on the sacks of flour involved. By distributing the empty cotton bags to sewing workshops, convents, and artists, the sacks were kept from the Germans, who used cotton in the manufacture of ammunition. Many of the bags were turned into clothing and pillows, but others were embroidered or painted with the purpose of being sold for relief funds that supported prisoners of war. In a show of gratitude, hundreds of the decorated flour sacks were sent to Hoover with hand-stitched sentiments from Belgian and French citizens — and today, 366 remain at his presidential library in West Branch, Iowa.
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The average dollar bill doesn’t last forever: Some wear down from repeated use, while others meet their untimely demise after being ruined by water or pets. In fact, the average $1 bill has an estimated lifespan of 7.2 years, according to the Federal Reserve. This number drops even lower for $5 and $10 bills, which tend to last just 5.8 and 5.7 years, respectively.
In the United States, paper currency is made using a blend of 75% cotton and 25% linen, creating a material that’s more durable than paper produced using wood pulp. But bills still degrade over time; it’s estimated that U.S. banknotes can withstand only 4,000 double folds (forward and backward) before they tear and need to be replaced.
That was actually America’s neighbor to the north, which put the first glow-in-the-dark coin into circulation. Canada unveiled the luminescent $2 coin in 2017 to celebrate the nation’s 150th birthday. It depicts two boaters rowing a canoe beneath the aurora borealis, which glows in the dark.
It’s worth noting significantly larger denominations that pass between hands less frequently, such as $50 and $100 bills, have longer lifespans. Those bigger bills are more commonly tucked away as savings and therefore suffer less wear and tear. The Federal Reserve estimates the average lifespan of a $20 bill at 11.1 years, a $50 bill at 14.9 years, and a $100 bill at 24 years.
The $100,000 U.S. bill featured the likeness of Woodrow Wilson.
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Martha Washington is the only woman to appear solo on a U.S. banknote.
To date, Martha Washington remains the only real-life woman to appear by herself on U.S. paper currency, though there have been several instances of mythological women depicted on U.S. banknotes, as well as women in scenes alongside others. For example, the 1865 $20 bill features Lady Columbia —an early personification of the United States — on its obverse and the baptism of Pocahontas on its reverse.
The inaugural first lady’s portrait is seen on the obverse of the 1886 $1 silver certificate as well as a redesigned version issued in 1891. In 1896, Martha and George Washington appeared together on the reserve of a $1 silver certificate, denoting the only example of a married couple appearing jointly on U.S. currency.
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Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Inbox Studio, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.
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In the subtropical forests of the Malay Archipelago, a moth of seemingly impossible proportions flutters among the trees. Named the atlas moth (Attacus atlas), this saturniid — meaning a member of the Saturniidae family — is the largest moth in the world in terms of overall size, with a staggering maximum wingspan of nearly 12 inches and a surface area up to 62 inches. The moth is so huge that it’s often mistaken for a bird at first glance. Being a big moth means it’s also a big caterpillar, stretching up to nearly 5 inches long, and its silk cocoon is so durable that people in Taiwan sometimes use them as purses. Sadly, the moths are also short-lived, surviving only one to two weeks after emerging from their cocoons.
The atlas moth and other moths don’t have a functioning mouth. Because adult atlas moths can’t feed, they rely on the fat reserves from their larval stage for the one to two weeks they’re alive. This is why moths are often so still — they’re trying to conserve their limited energy.
Although the atlas moth is considered the biggest in overall size compared to other lepidopterans (a taxonomic order that includes butterflies, moths, and skippers), it isn’t necessarily an outlier. The hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules), endemic to Papua New Guinea and Australia, comes in a close second with a wingspan of 11 inches, and the males have a graceful swallowtail that actually makes them the longest moth. Meanwhile, the white witch moth (Thysania agrippina), found mostly in Central and South America, has a maximum wingspan even slightly longer than that of the atlas moth, at 12.6 inches, although it’s smaller overall. So while your average U.S. moth might be only a tiny nocturnal annoyance, remember that its big and beautiful brethren are fluttering elsewhere.
The atlas moth may have been the inspiration behind the film monster Mothra.
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There’s probably a reason atlas moth wings look like snakeheads.
The atlas moth isn’t just the largest moth in the world — it’s also visually stunning. Hidden in its multihued exterior are strange patterns on the upper tips of its wings (known as the apex of the forewing) that resemble two snake heads. This evolutionary trait warns off birds or other predators who are tricked by the impressive mimicry. Admiration for the atlas moth’s pattern extends to humans, as the Cantonese name for the creature translates to “snake’s head moth.” Atlas moths aren’t the only lepidopterans that have a natural tendency to blend in, though. The Indian leafwing butterfly (Kallima paralekta) has evolved to look like a dead leaf (at least when it raises its wings), while other moths resemble hawk eyes, lichen, hornets, or tree bark.
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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Many states consider themselves the heartland of America, but where exactly is the geographic center of the U.S.? If you’re including only the lower 48 states, look no further than a nondescript field north of Lebanon, Kansas, located at 39° 50' 00" N 98° 35' 00" W. Not much marks this otherwise typical stretch of Midwestern farmland, except for a nearby historical marker noting that the location was determined by the U.S. Geological Survey, and that the point is “where a plane map of the 48 states would balance if it were of uniform thickness.” In earlier times, this accolade garnered enough tourists for a motel to be built nearby, selling souvenirs and a night’s rest at the center of the country. While the souvenirs remain (in downtown Lebanon), the motel has since closed up shop.
Kansas is the largest producer of corn in the U.S.
While Kansas does produce its fair share of corn, the total is a far cry from that grown in the nearby state of Iowa, which produced 2.5 billion bushels of corn in 2023.
Of course, this isn’t the center of the entire U.S., which drastically stretched its borders when it welcomed Alaska and Hawaii into the union at the end of the 1950s. In 1959, a U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey concluded that the new center of the U.S. (excluding territories) had lurched northwest toward the small town of Belle Fourche, South Dakota, which today posts a similar plaque regarding its centralized status. How long Belle Fourche keeps its title remains to be seen, as many contenders to be the 51st state — whether Puerto Rico, Guam, or some other territory — could once again relocate the bullseye of the U.S.
Kansas is named after the Kansa tribe, whose name means “wind people.”
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Helium gas was discovered on Earth in a Kansas field in 1903.
One of the biggest discoveries in chemistry began with a party foul. In May 1903, residents of Dexter, Kansas, planned a major celebration in honor of a “howling gasser” that had recently been drilled nearby, and which was unleashing 9 million cubic feet of gas a day. Excited for what they believed were vast natural gas reserves, the residents dreamed of the forthcoming economic opportunities, and held a big bash complete with a parade, speeches, and games, all leading to the final event of the night — lighting the gas in celebration of the town’s good luck. The town mayor set a bale of hay on fire that slowly moved toward contact with the gas, and then … the fire went out. The mayor tried to light the gas again. No luck. While dreams of economic prosperity quickly dimmed, scientific curiosity took over. Intrigued by this strange gaseous event, the state’s geologist, Erasmus Haworth, sent a sample of the gas to the University of Kansas. It was there that chemist David F. McFarland discovered an “inert residue” that essentially made the gas nonflammable — and part of that “inert residue” was helium. Although helium had been discovered decades earlier, scientists initially believed the gas was found only in high concentrations in the heavens. This happy (or, for the residents of Dexter, somewhat unhappy) accident in a small town in Kansas proved them wrong.
Darren Orf
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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The human eye is a biological wonder. Able to perceive the subtle hues of 1 million colors and filled with tens of millions of photosensitive rods and cones, our eyes help interpret reality for us — but they’d be useless without a muscle called the orbicularis oculi. A sphincter muscle arranged in concentric bands around both eyelids, the orbicularis oculi controls blinking and drains tears from the eye to the nasolacrimal duct system (which eventually drains into the nasal cavity). These functions are essential to happy and healthy eyes, as they clear particles from the surface, lubricate the eyes, and supply oxygen to the corneas. Without this crucial muscle, our corneas would swell, our eyes would dry out, and eventually we’d go blind.
When it comes to color, men and women don’t see eye to eye. Some studies have shown that women are better at distinguishing subtle variations in color, while men have better perception of movement. Theories suggest these visual variations are linked to our hunter-gatherer past.
However, the orbicularis oculi boasts another impressive biological accolade — out of all 650 or so muscles in the human body, it’s the fastest one. This muscle can contract, or blink, in as little as 0.1 second. Although blinking is incredibly quick, the average person will blink up to 19,200 times per day — which takes up about 10% of a person’s waking hours.
The largest muscle in the human body is the butt (aka gluteus maximus).
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Eagles can see up to five times farther than humans.
When someone spots something others can’t see, they’re often called “eagle-eyed.” Turns out, that’s a biologically appropriate compliment. Raptors, including bald eagles and golden eagles, have some of the best vision in the animal kingdom. These birds of prey can see four to five times farther than humans. This 20/4 vision (meaning eagles see 20 feet away what humans see 4 feet away) is like being able to spot an ant on the ground from a 10-story building, according to LiveScience. Some experts believe an eagle’s incredibly deep fovea, located in the back of their eyes, essentially allows these birds to use their eyes like a telephoto lens. This comes in handy when eagles glide on the wind looking for unsuspecting prey hundreds of feet below.
Darren Orf
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Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.
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Most politicians are at least somewhat divisive. One notable exception: Stubbs, a cat who served as the honorary mayor of Talkeetna, Alaska, for more than 18 scandal-free years. He first entered office around 1998, when the town (technically an unincorporated census-designated place) and its 900 residents chose him as their leader. (Rumors that Stubbs was officially elected as a write-in candidate are incorrect, but locals loved their feline “mayor” nonetheless.) Over the course of the next two decades, Stubbs became a popular tourist attraction and performed such mayoral duties as, in the words of Smithsonian Magazine, “wandering around the town, drinking catnip-laced water from margarita glasses, and of course, sleeping a lot.”
The French astrocat’s name was Félicette, and she soared 100 miles above the planet in a Véronique AG1 rocket on October 18, 1963. The brave tuxedo cat returned from her 15-minute journey safe and sound after boldly going where no feline had gone before — or since.
Stubbs isn’t the only animal to lead a town. A black Labrador retriever named Bosco served honorably as mayor of Sunol, California, from 1981 until his passing in 1994; the town later erected a statue in his honor. Fair Haven, Vermont, made the wise decision when electing its first-ever mayor in 2019 to put a goat named Lincoln in office, though he was defeated in the following year’s election by Murfee the therapy dog. And across the country in San Francisco, Frida the Chihuahua had a one-day term as mayor in 2014 — among many other furry, friendly local officials.
Ancient Egyptians shaved their eyebrows when their cats died.
You likely already know that the ancient Egyptians revered cats, but did you know that they mourned their beloved pets by shaving their own eyebrows? The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about the practice, which is comparable to the mourners of today wearing black after a loved one’s passing. The Egyptians would continue to mourn their cats until their eyebrows grew back. Some of the felines were even mummified after death and placed in their owners’ tombs. If you’ve ever been woken up by a hungry cat in the middle of the night and been more amused than annoyed, you can probably relate to that level of devotion.
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Confetti usually brings to mind joyful scenes of fluttering paper strips, but that wasn’t always the case. In 19th-century Italy, confetti actually referred to sugar-coated almonds and other candied foods, tossed during street festivals such as pre-Lent Carnival celebrations.
“Confetti” is originally an Italian word meaning “sweetmeats,” a general term for dessert foods. Carnival celebrations in cities including Rome and Naples encouraged excess before the austerity of Lent. Revelers pelted each other from the streets and balconies, armed with slings and tubes to launch their edible ammunition.
The trend faded in the 1980s due to now-debunked fears about uncooked rice being harmful to birds’ stomachs if eaten. In reality, birds can safely eat and digest uncooked rice just like other grains.
By the mid-1800s, small plaster balls and chalk pellets were used as a cheaper and more accessible alternative to the candied almonds. Charles Dickens describes such a scene vividly in 1846’s Pictures From Italy, noting that protective wire masks had become required Carnival gear. By 1875, Milan businessman Enrico Mangili was selling paper scraps from his silk manufacturing company for use in Carnival celebrations, and paper confetti quickly replaced its candied predecessors.
In 19th-century Italy, nearly all dry pasta was referred to as macaroni.
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The confetti at Times Square on New Year’s Eve is dispersed by hand.
Each New Year’s Eve, roughly 3,000 pounds of confetti rain down on the dedicated revelers in New York City’s Times Square as the ball drops at midnight. Given the magnitude of the celebration, you may assume this to be the work of confetti cannons, but the tradition is fully manual.
By 8:30 p.m. on New Year’s Eve, 100 volunteers make their way to the tops of seven different buildings to assume their positions. Just before midnight, they quickly start throwing armful after armful of the recycled, 100% biodegradable paper pieces to the crowds below.
It’s been this way since 1992, when former Disneyland balloon artist Treb Heining was hired to organize the event’s first confetti drop. To this day, Heining remains committed to conducting the operation by hand, preferring the timing and effect it gives the falling paper shreds.
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It’s impossible to pinpoint just how much that tension-bursting “pop!” adds to the enjoyment of a bottle of Champagne, but human ingenuity has found ways to measure the speed at which a cork shoots from its mooring. In 2008, a German scientist calculated that the average speed of a Champagne cork is just under 25 mph, though they also noted that 62 mph could be reached under the right conditions. Other sources, including the American Academy of Ophthalmology, have noted that champagne corks can easily go flying at around 50 mph.
Champagne is made with three types of grapes: pinot, meunier, and chardonnay. The word “Champagne” refers to the region where the bubbly is produced, about 90 miles east of Paris.
This high-speed bedazzlement is the result of the way Champagne (and all sparkling wine) is created. Since that magical late 17th-century day when Dom Perignon discovered the recipe — and likely even before that — the beverage has been made by adding yeast and sugar to an existing base of wine. Sealed tight in a bottle, this mixture undergoes a second fermentation that produces its signature carbon dioxide bubbles. That second fermentation swells internal pressure to 90 pounds per square inch — approximately three times the level of an inflated car tire. Upon finally achieving release when the bottle’s wire is unwrapped and its stopper nudged, the pent-up carbon dioxide not only ejects the cork at parkway-level speeds, but also generates supersonic shock waves that resemble those unleashed by rockets and jets.
Of course, such a violently ejected projectile needs to be handled carefully; while it's used to comic effect in movies, a poorly aimed cork can shatter glass and result in ghastly injuries like a split eyeball or a detached retina. Drinkers will want to follow safe-opening guidelines that include chilling the sparkling wine to reduce pressure, aiming away from the body, and gripping the cork while twisting the bottle.
The traditional Formula 1 celebratory Champagne spray began by accident in the 1960s.
It’s unclear when overflowing bottles of Champagne became a regular sight in the locker rooms of pro athletes celebrating a championship, but for motorsports at least, the tradition of the winner spraying the crowd with a bottle of bubbly has a clear origin. At the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans race, Swiss Formula 1 driver Jo Siffert was handed a bottle that allegedly had been sitting out in the sun for too long, resulting in a surprise pop and unexpected shower for those in proximity. The following year, American driver Dan Gurney decided to up the ante by shaking his winning bottle of Champagne and directing the outburst onto the crowd by the podium. Although the spray may have landed a little too much on team boss Henry Ford II and his new bride, even the sport’s bigwigs soon realized that there was no getting that particular mode of celebration back in the bottle.
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Humans have known about bees for a long time: 8,000-year-old cave paintings in Bicorp, Spain, show early humans scaling trees to collect honey. But modern scientists wanted to know if bees recognize us, which is why researchers have put the insects’ microscopic brains to the test. In a 2005 study, honey bees were trained to memorize pictures of human faces by scientists who rewarded them for correct matches with droplets of sugar water. While a bee’s-eye view isn’t as clear as our own gaze, the buzzing insects were able to correctly differentiate between faces up to 90% of the time — even two days after first seeing them, and when the sweet incentives were removed.
Bees have a monopoly on commercial honey production — most store-bought honey comes from European honey bees — but they’re not the only insects that make the sticky syrup. Honeypot ants and Mexican honey wasps make their own honey too, among other creatures.
The emerging research into bee brains shows that not all living creatures need the complex brain systems humans have in order to recognize and recall environmental differences, but some researchers say that’s not entirely shocking. The Apis mellifera (aka the European honey bee) can visit up to 5,000 flowers in one day, distinguishing between buds that give off beaucoup nectar and those that don’t. So, it makes sense that bees have some form of working memory. And unlocking how bee brains work has practical applications for both us and them: Tech developers may be able to fine-tune artificial intelligence systems (in part by understanding how such tiny brains work so efficiently), and entomologists can better focus on supporting these crucial insects — which are responsible for an estimated 80% of food crop pollination.
Most researchers agree that bees are weather-sensitive; species living in four-season environments generally appear with warming spring temperatures and disappear into their hives to wait out winter. But that doesn’t mean all bees are delicate — some pollinator species are able to withstand the colder temps of the Arctic Circle. In the short summers between rugged winters, arctic bumblebees do the heavy lifting of pollinating wildflowers and berries that other animals rely on. Bombus polaris have adapted to the unforgiving climates of northern Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, Russia, and elsewhere with thicker fur and the ability to shiver their muscles to raise internal temperatures, but they also have shorter lifespans than bees in warmer regions. Queen arctic bumblebees emerge from a nine-month solitary hibernation in May with one task in mind: quickly laying eggs to jump-start a colony that will live only a few months, save for one new queen — who will replace her in August to start the process all over again.
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Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.
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