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When you check into a hotel, you’re not just stepping into a place to sleep — you’re entering a shared space with staff and fellow guests. Hotels work hard to provide a welcoming and comfortable environment, and guests play a role in maintaining a pleasant atmosphere for everyone involved. So before you pack your bags, here are five essential hotel etiquette tips to keep in mind. Happy travels!​

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Make Any Special Requests in Advance

To ensure a smooth check-in experience for yourself and others, plan ahead. If you have special requests — such as a crib, accessible room, or early check-in — reach out to the hotel in advance rather than waiting until you arrive. This helps the staff prepare and prevents delays at the front desk. 

Keep in mind that an early check-in is not always guaranteed, especially during busy periods, so have a backup plan if your room isn’t ready. When you arrive, have your ID and reservation details ready to streamline the process — or you can often check in online and skip the wait.

Travel days can be exhausting and hectic, but a little courtesy goes a long way. Simply offering a polite “please” and “thank you” to the hotel staff can set the tone for a positive interaction and a pleasant start to your stay. If you have any concerns or special needs during your visit, a friendly attitude can lead to better service and smoother resolutions.

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The Dos and Don’ts of Shared Spaces 

Hotels are communal spaces, so it’s important to be mindful of how you use shared facilities. For instance, take only what you’ll eat at the breakfast buffet, avoid reserving lounge chairs or gym equipment for extended periods, and return borrowed items such as towels or robes when you’re finished. If an amenity is complimentary, such as coffee or toiletries, take only what you need rather than stockpiling for later.

It’s also considerate to keep conversations, TV volume, and phone calls at a reasonable level, especially in hallways and late at night. In common areas, avoid taking up more space than necessary, clean up after yourself, and follow posted guidelines for amenities such as the pool, breakfast area, and fitness center.

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Keep Your Room Tidy To Help Housekeeping Out

A little consideration can make housekeeping’s job much easier. For instance, try storing personal items off the bed and bathroom counter so staff can clean efficiently. If you want to reuse towels, hang them up. If you need fresh ones, place them in a designated spot, typically in the bathtub or in a corner of the bathroom. 

Most hotels change bedding every few days unless requested otherwise, so if you need fresh sheets sooner, check with housekeeping or the front desk. And if you don’t need housekeeping at all that day, put out the “Do Not Disturb” sign or let the front desk know. Some hotels even offer incentives for skipping daily service, including reward points or dining credits, so check if that’s an option.

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Follow Tipping Etiquette

In the U.S., tipping hotel staff is customary, while in other countries, service fees may be included in the room charge or tipping may not be expected for cultural reasons. It’s best to check local customs before you travel. That said, you can always use your discretion to tip extra if someone goes above and beyond.

Typically, housekeeping should receive $5 to $10 per day for a tip, left in an obvious spot such as the nightstand with a note indicating it’s for them. Bellhops should be tipped $2 to $5 per bag, and ditto valet attendants who retrieve your car. If a member of staff assists with hailing a cab or carrying luggage, a tip of $1 to $5 is appropriate. Concierge staff who provide special services, such as securing reservations or tickets, should be tipped $5 to $20 depending on the complexity of the request. Room service staff often have gratuity included in the bill, but if not, tipping 15% to 20% is standard.

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Be Communicative When Checking Out

When it’s time to check out, be mindful of the hotel’s policies and deadlines. If you need a late checkout, it’s helpful to request it ahead of time rather than assuming it’s an option. Leaving your room in a reasonable state — disposing of trash, gathering used towels, and ensuring you haven’t left any belongings behind — makes the process smoother for housekeeping. If something was damaged during your stay, notify the front desk instead of leaving it for them to discover.

Again, courtesy goes a long way as you wrap up your stay. Thanking the staff is a given, and offering useful feedback helps the hotel improve. If a staff member offered particularly great service, you may want to consider recognizing them in a review or mentioning them to management. Positive feedback not only boosts morale but also encourages exceptional service for future guests.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

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Nature is a masterpiece of color — its vibrant hues can be seen in the pink petals of cherry blossoms, the turquoise waters of the Caribbean, and the iridescent feathers of peacocks. Yet when it comes to human hair, it seems we’re destined to grow one of only a handful of neutral shades. Why, with such a vast array of colors all around us, are our hair colors so limited? Well, the pigments in our hair are predetermined by a genetic blueprint that isn’t likely to change anytime soon. Let’s untangle the mystery behind this phenomenon.

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The Secret Is Melanin

While many plants and animals boast rainbows of color, natural human hair is confined to a select palette: black, brown, blonde, red, gray, and white. These colors are created by melanin, a pigment produced by specialized cells called melanocytes. Melanin gives color to keratin, the protein that forms hair and nails — without it, our hair would be colorless, just like our fingernails. This same phenomenon occurs in animal fur, which is why it generally features the same hues as human hair.

Two types of melanin contribute to hair color: eumelanin (a dark pigment responsible for brown or black hair) and pheomelanin (a light pigment responsible for red, orange, or yellow hair). The balance between those pigments determines hair color: Those with more eumelanin have brunette or black hair, while those with more pheomelanin have auburn hair. Blonde hair is a result of low levels of both melanin types. As we age, our bodies lose melanocytes and stop producing melanin for our hair, leading to inevitable graying and eventual hair whitening.

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It’s in Your Genes

The amount of melanin your body produces depends on your genetics. One of the key players in hair color is the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, which influences the production of eumelanin. 

When this gene is active in the melanocytes, it stimulates them to make eumelanin, resulting in a darker hair hue. When it’s inactive, pheomelanin takes the lead, resulting in redder hues. Whether or not this gene is active depends on your own DNA, and this is just one gene in a complex web of genetic factors that determine the color of your hair. It’s not a simple formula but rather a blend of inherited traits passed down from your parents and grandparents.

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So Why Not Other Colors?

Human vision can differentiate between more than a million colors, so why do we have only a few possible hair colors? The color of anything is determined by how that thing absorbs and reflects light. For example, grass is green because it contains chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light (specifically red and blue wavelengths) but reflects green wavelengths. Those green wavelengths bounce back at us, and our eyes perceive them as green.

Melanin in hair works similarly, absorbing all the colors of light — such as blue, green, and violet — aside from the ones we see in hair. Variations in the chemical structure of melanin (for example, levels of eumelanin versus pheomelanin) determine which colors are absorbed or reflected. If melanin is absent, as in the case of albinism or aging, light passes through unfiltered, giving the hair a white or grayish appearance.

Interestingly, the color of our irises is also determined primarily by melanin, but the mechanics are different, resulting in blues and greens not seen in natural hair color. Everyone has layers of melanin in their eyes, and the amount of melanin determines iris color. Brown eyes result from an abundance of melanin in both layers of the iris (front and back). Those with hazel or green eyes have a thinner layer of melanin at the front of the iris than those with brown eyes. Blue eyes, meanwhile, have minimal amounts of melanin in the front layer.

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Will We Ever Evolve To Have Blue Hair (or Other Colors)?

It’s unlikely that humans will ever evolve to produce hair colors in more exotic hues. That would require radical changes to the structure of melanin itself on a molecular level. Since there are at least 11 genes that contribute to human hair color, a mutation capable of producing a new, natural color of melanin would require multiple highly specific — and extremely unlikely — gene mutations.

However, stranger things have happened. If, for some reason, blue or purple hair ever proved to be significantly advantageous for humans as a species (as protection from a threat, for instance), we may see a surprising genetic shift. For now, melanin and the colors it produces act as our body’s weapons against the sun.

Darker shades of hair, skin, and eyes provide better protection against UV damage, which is why people with paler skin are more easily sunburnt and why those with blue eyes are more light-sensitive. In the same way, blonde hair is more susceptible to damage from UV rays. So if humans ever do evolve to produce new types of melanin, we might expect it to be a darker hue that can still protect us from the sun’s rays.

Rachel Gresh
Writer

Rachel is a writer and period drama devotee who's probably hanging out at a local coffee shop somewhere in Washington, D.C.

Original photo by MriyaWildlife/ iStock

What’s the biggest brain in the animal kingdom? If we’re talking sheer size, there’s a clear winner: the sperm whale. Typically about 18 pounds, the brain of this cetacean weighs nearly six times more than the bundle of neurons and gray matter between your own ears. 

However, this doesn’t mean the sperm whale is the smartest animal. When it comes to intelligence, size isn’t everything. The overall size of the brain compared to an animal’s body (known as the brain-to-body-mass ratio) can be a strong indicator of intelligence, but other factors such as brain structure and neuron density can have an even bigger impact on an animal’s smarts. A sperm whale, which weighs around 45 tons, has a brain-to-body-mass ratio of only around 1:5,100. Humans, on the other hand, have a far more impressive ratio of 1:40. Here are five of the biggest-brained creatures on Earth relative to their size.

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Ants

While the world’s largest brain belongs to one of the biggest animals on the planet, the animal with the largest brain-to-body ratio is decidedly on the other end of the spectrum. Brachymyrmex is a genus of ant that contains some 44 different species. According to a 2009 study in the journal Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, this genus sports the largest brain of any organism relative to its body size, at a staggering 1:8 ratio. Of course, these are still very small brains, weighing only 0.006 milligrams, but the size is proportionally huge when compared to the ants’ overall body mass of just 0.049 milligrams. 

As for intelligence, although a single ant’s brain contains only 250,000 neurons (a human brain contains roughly 86 billion), entomologists recognize ants — along with bees and termites — as some of the smartest insects in the world.

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Treeshrews

With its brain making up roughly 10% of its body weight, the treeshrew has the biggest brain-to-body-mass ratio of any mammal on Earth. Although treeshrews look like rodents, the animal is actually more closely related to primates. In fact, a treeshrew’s hands and feet, which are well adapted for grasping, are evidence of this close primate relationship.

Primates are some of the smartest animals on the planet, and treeshrews similarly possess a few impressive cognitive abilities. A 2017 study analyzing an adult treeshrew’s mind found the animal possessed higher brain functions, such as spatial learning and social emotion. The creature also showed signs of mild brain folding, similar to the folds found in the human brain, which result in an increased neuron surface area.Rodent brains, on the other hand, were smooth by comparison.

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Manta Rays

Mammals and birds typically have brains 10 times larger than bony fish of a similar body size. However, some aquatic denizens, most notably the manta ray, are the exceptions. With a brain roughly the size of a fist, the manta ray has the highest brain-to-body-mass ratio of any other fish. 

That brain gets put to good use: A 2016 study testing a manta ray’s intellectual capabilities found the animals displayed human-like self-awareness by accurately identifying themselves in a mirror. Rays also hunt in groups, which suggests a sophisticated level of social intelligence, and they’ve displayed the ability to map their environment using sight and smell while also retaining an impressive long-term memory.

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Corvids

When it comes to our feathered friends, corvids — crows, ravens, magpies, and jays — have the highest brain-to-body-mass ratio of any birds at around 1:33. The intelligence of corvids, particularly ravens and crows, has been well-documented in several studies. These animals are capable of incredible mental feats, including the use of tools — a skill once believed to be unique to primates. 

One 2020 study reported that ravens, for example, possess the cognitive abilities of a full-grown great ape by just 4 months old, and that at full maturity, a crow’s capacity for problem-solving rivals that of a 7-year-old human. Corvids have also displayed the ability to plan for the future, another cognitive task typically believed to be exclusive to humans and some primates. 

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Humans

The human brain is a remarkable piece of biological engineering, even if the treeshrew’s got us beat on sheer brain-to-body-mass ratio for mammals. But with a ratio of 1:40, we still have a whole lot of brainpower compared to most animals. That’s partly because the human brain contains far more neurons in the cerebral cortex — the part of the brain associated with higher brain function — than other animals. In fact, we have three times as many neurons as the runner-up, elephants. Indeed, humans have the largest cerebral cortex-to-body-mass ratio of any mammal, which explains why we’re the brainiest creatures on the planet.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

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Innovation doesn’t always follow a straight line. Some of history’s most famous inventions, including the microwave, were born from accidents. Others, though not strictly accidental, ended up serving a completely different purpose than originally intended — such as the blood pressure medication that ended up becoming a famous hair loss remedy. 

These inventions, though all surprising in their own way, share some commonalities: ingenuity, adaptability, and a keen eye for potential. While their creators may not have set out to change the world in the ways they ultimately did, they recognized and seized the opportunities that lay before them. Here are five inventions whose original purposes were completely different.

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Silly String

Silly String may be a nostalgic party staple now, but it was originally a medical product. In the 1960s, chemist Robert P. Cox and inventor Leonard A. Fish set out to create an instant spray-on cast for broken bones. During their experiments, which included testing upward of 500 different spraying vessels, they discovered the material could be sprayed in long, sticky strands from a certain pressurized can. 

The pair saw the potential in their silly substance and brought it to California toy company Wham-O, home to such popular toys as the Frisbee and the Slip ‘N Slide. The meeting didn’t exactly go as planned. Cox and Fish excitedly demonstrated the spray to — and on — the Wham-O employee, and they were subsequently asked to leave. 

The following day, however, the eager inventors were asked to send 24 cans to Wham-O for a second look. Despite being reformulated over the years to comply with changing regulations — notably the 1978 U.S. ban on Freon as a propellant — Silly String has remained a staple on store shelves ever since. According to Cox’s 2008 obituary, he couldn’t help but feel a bit frustrated that, of all his endeavors, it was his silliest invention that ultimately took off.

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Play-Doh

Anyone who’s cleaned Play-Doh out of carpet or picked up all its little crumbs knows how messy it can be, so it may come as a surprise that it was originally used as a cleaner. In the 1930s, Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol began making its own version of a doughy putty used to remove soot from wallpaper. This was a common need at a time when homes were still primarily heated by coal furnaces, and after Kroger stores agreed to carry Kutol’s wall cleaner, the once-struggling company found new footing. But by the end of World War II, homes largely switched to gas and oil heating, and demand for the cleaner began to wane. 

By the 1950s, the company had yet again fallen on tough times. But its fate turned once more after a Kutol executive’s sister-in-law, Kay Zufall — who also happened to be a nursery school teacher — suggested repurposing the dough as a children’s toy. 

With a few tweaks to the formula and the introduction of bright red, blue, and yellow colors, the rebranded product was launched as Play-Doh. It was first sold to Cincinnati schools in single-gallon cans; three-packs of smaller jars were introduced for retail sale in 1956. It was a smash hit: By 1958, the company, which just four years prior was barely cracking $100,000 in annual sales, was raking in nearly $3 million yearly. In the mid-2010s, it was estimated that more than 3 billion cans of the stuff had been sold around the world since its debut as a toy.

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Listerine

Listerine’s minty burn wasn’t always meant to freshen breath. When the product was created in 1879 by surgeon Joseph Lawrence in St. Louis, Missouri, it was intended as a surgical antiseptic. Its name was even an homage to British surgeon Joseph Lister, who pioneered sterile surgery in the 1860s. 

In the 1880s, Lawrence was working with pharmacist Jordan Wheat Lambert to sell the product. Doctors sang its praises, claiming it effective against everything from ulcers to gonorrhea. By the 1890s, Listerine was officially being marketed for uses beyond the doctor’s office, primarily to dentists as a “perfect tooth and mouth wash,” as advertisements of the time touted. 

Throughout the ensuing years, Listerine’s uses varied. At different times it was marketed as a floor cleaner, a cure for dandruff, and even an elixir for sore throats, coughs, and colds — it was only in 1975 that the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ordered the company to stop falsely claiming that health purpose. 

Its most lucrative market, however, was established in the 1920s, when the Warner-Lambert pharmaceutical company began advertising Listerine to treat “halitosis,” aka bad breath. Listerine’s ads painted this fairly minor affliction as a troublesome medical condition for which they had the cure. The campaign was so successful that not only did Listerine emerge and remain best known as a mouthwash, but the phrase “halitosis appeal” became standard marketing speak to refer to the use of fear to sell a product.

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Treadmills

We know treadmills as a modern fitness staple that, depending who you ask, are more pain than pleasure. This is somewhat fitting, given the exercise tool’s punishing origins. In the early 19th century, British engineer William Cubitt designed the first treadmill as a form of prison labor. Inmates, often in groups, were forced to walk on large rotating wheels for upward of eight hours a day. The wheel power was typically used to grind grain or pump water, supposedly making it a productive means of punishment designed to rehabilitate prisoners.

By the early 20th century, treadmills had been abandoned in prisons. But as heart disease started to skyrocket in the U.S., doctors began rethinking the machine, first as a testing tool for cardiovascular performance. 

American doctor of medicine Kenneth Cooper used treadmills in the 1960s to test endurance in pilots, and in 1968, his book Aerobics promoted running as a way to prevent heart disease. The work inspired New Jersey engineer William Staub, who built his own treadmill — a simple, compact motorized machine — and in the 1970s, his PaceMaster treadmill brought indoor running to the masses.

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Rogaine

Rogaine has long been a popular hair loss treatment, but that use was discovered as a happy side effect of another drug. Its evolution began in the 1950s, when chemists at the Upjohn pharmaceutical company — also responsible for developing Xanax and Motrin before being acquired by Pfizer — developed a drug called minoxidil to treat ulcers, which was later found to lower blood pressure. In the 1970s, the FDA approved minoxidil as an oral blood pressure medication, and patients who took the drug began noticing increased hair growth as well.

As the unexpected side effect became more widely known, Upjohn acted before competitors could, refining minoxidil into a topical solution. In 1988, the FDA approved the newly named Rogaine as a prescription first for men and eventually for women (three years later). In 1996, Rogaine became available over the counter. 

When it was initially released, there was some skepticism about whether the product could live up to the hype  — it wasn’t a miracle cure for hair loss, after all. Upjohn focused on marketing directly to consumers instead of doctors, namely with aggressive television and magazine campaigns. As a result, sales grew from around $67 million in 1989 to $140 million in 1990. As of 2020, an estimated 2.87 million Americans counted themselves as Rogaine customers.

Nicole Villeneuve
Writer

Nicole is a writer, thrift store lover, and group-chat meme spammer based in Ontario, Canada.

Original photo by Jeffrey Mayer/ Alamy Stock Photo

The beloved HBO series The White Lotus has gathered a devoted following, sparking a cultural buzz reminiscent of the days of “water cooler” discussions about the latest must-see TV. Each season explores the lives of guests and employees at the eponymous fictional chain of luxury resorts, ultimately revealing dark truths about these idyllic locales and the lives of the people they attract.

The show’s third season took place in Thailand, and its finale aired on April 6, 2025, resulting in mixed feedback among fans. But no matter your thoughts on the overall narrative, you may be left with one question in particular (warning: spoilers ahead!): Is the poisonous fruit from the show real, and if so, is it actually deadly? 

Let’s take a look at the fruit known throughout Southeast Asia as pong pong, which played a key role in the recent White Lotus finale.

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What Is Pong Pong?

In the last episode of season 3, “Amor Fati,” the character Lochlan (portrayed by Sam Nivola) nearly dies after inadvertently consuming seeds from the poisonous pong pong fruit. The seeds had been left in a blender by his father, Timothy (Jason Isaacs), who considered offing his whole family before getting cold feet. But Timothy didn’t think to clean out the remnants of the blender before Lochlan made a protein shake the next morning, resulting in a nearly fatal accident. These events were not entirely the stuff of fiction: The pong pong fruit is indeed very real, and potentially lethal if eaten.

The pong pong tree is native to Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia, as well as India, various Pacific Islands, and the state of Queensland in northeastern Australia. The plant is biologically classified as Cerbera odollam and, as mentioned in the show, is sometimes referred to by the morbid moniker the “suicide tree.”

Pong pong trees typically grow to nearly 40 feet tall, naturally occurring in forests and on Pacific shorelines. They’re also popular pieces of ornamental vegetation, providing shade and flowers that produce a pleasant jasmine-like scent. Those flowers also help to easily identify a pong pong tree, as the blooms each have five small, white petals with a yellow hole in the center.

But in addition to these delightful florals, pong pong trees are also the source of the notorious fruit in question. Visually, an immature pong pong fruit looks much like an unripened mango, with a greenish color and a slightly oblong rounded shape. As the fruit ripens, it develops a brownish-black color, ultimately turning reddish-purple when it matures. But it’s not the rind you have to worry about — it’s what’s inside.

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What Makes the Fruit Deadly?

If you stumble upon a pong pong fruit in the wild, there’s no risk in touching or smelling the exterior. The danger is contained within the fruit’s seeds, which contain a toxin called cerberin that may prove fatal in as little as four hours after being consumed. Cerberin is known to disrupt cardiac activity, including slowly the heart rate and potentially leading to cardiac failure.

Matthew Badgett, a doctor of internal medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, warned of these risks in an interview with Everyday Health, saying, “One seed from the pong pong fruit can be fatal, and half seeds have been shown to make people very sick and cause abnormal heart rhythms … it’s likely that two seeds or one whole fruit (including seeds) could very likely kill a person.”

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Was White Lotus’ Portrayal Realistic?

Despite the show’s heightened drama, The White Lotus accurately portrayed what it would be like to consume pong pong seeds — for the most part. The seeds have a bitter taste and may be mixed into beverages to cover their acrid flavor, so Lochlan’s smoothie could feasibly have masked the taste of the seeds. And Joshua King, the medical director at the Maryland Poison Center, noted in an interview with TIME that vomiting, as Lochan did shortly after ingestion, is a common reaction to consuming the toxin.

Another thing the show got right was that Lochlan wouldn’t have necessarily died after consuming the seeds. Eating trace amounts isn’t always fatal, but it can induce sickness. Also, people react quite differently to the same amount of toxin depending on body mass: A half seed may be enough to kill a smaller person, while that same amount may only induce serious illness in someone larger. That being said, it is unlikely that Lochlan would have been unscathed without any medical intervention.

The most unrealistic aspect of the White Lotus portrayal was how quickly Lochlan’s symptoms set in. Experts say it would likely take at least an hour for symptoms to show after consuming the toxin, and in some instances, symptoms don’t appear for as many as 15 hours.

If someone does consume the toxic pong pong fruit, it’s imperative they seek medical help immediately. While the poison can’t be removed from the blood system, certain medications can counteract its effects, such as atropine, an antidote often used for cardiac resuscitation after poisonings. Interestingly, atropine is also a plant-derived poison, but it increases heart rate, counteracting the slowed heart rate associated with cerberin. So maybe take some with you on your next visit to the notorious White Lotus resort.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

Original photo by Eric Prouzet/ Unsplash

Grown in 125 countries worldwide, potatoes are one of the most important crops on Earth. From the cool climate of Alaska to the sunny fields of Florida, all 50 U.S. states cultivate the beloved spud, helping to feed the average American’s annual potato consumption of 124 pounds.

Whether mashed, baked, or fried, there’s no shortage of ways to prepare this versatile vegetable. Potatoes can also be found in unexpected places, such as chocolate cake or vodka, adding to their renowned flexibility. With a rich history spanning many millennia, the humble potato has fed humankind for thousands of generations. Yet when it comes to this celebrated spud, there’s much more than meets the eye. Here are six terrific tuber facts that might surprise you.

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At first glance, potatoes and sweet potatoes appear to have a lot in common — they’re physically very similar, and they’re even prepared in many of the same ways. But they actually come from completely different botanical families, rendering them distant relatives

Sweet potatoes hail from the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), meaning they’re more closely related to morning glories and bindweeds than potatoes. Regular potatoes, on the other hand, belong to the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which includes tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. So while potatoes and sweet potatoes may bear a strong resemblance and even share a name, these vegetables are quite different biologically.

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The World’s Most Expensive Potato Costs Up to $300 Per Pound

When it comes to luxurious foods, we often think of truffles, caviar, and wagyu beef, but very rarely do images of potatoes come to mind. However, a select variety of spuds commands an equally extravagant price tag. The Bonnotte de Noirmoutier, or “La Bonnotte” potato, is considered the most expensive in the world. It’s worth more than wagyu beef, fetching prices between $215 and $270 per pound and occasionally even more (high-grade Japanese wagyu averages around $200 per pound). 

Cultivated on the small island of Noirmoutier off the west coast of France, these potatoes feature delicate skin and a waxy interior. Their unique natural flavor — lemony, nutty notes with a sea salt finish — comes from the sandy soil and seaweed-based fertilization of their environment. Only harvested for one week in May, these spuds must be handpicked due to their fragile skins, making them a rare and labor-intensive treat.

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The Irish Potato Famine Actually Began in Peru

Though this 19th-century agricultural disaster hit Ireland the hardest, the infamous potato famine originated thousands of miles away, in Peru. The famine was caused by a fungus-like microorganism called Phytophthora infestans, meaning “plant destroyer.” It likely made its way to northern Europe on ships carrying guano (bird excrement used as fertilizer) from Peru, arriving first in Belgium in the summer of 1845. 

The disease was reported in Ireland a few months later, on September 13, 1845. At the time, roughly 40% of the Irish population ate no solid food other than potatoes, making this crop essential. Within just a few months, nearly half of the 2 million acres of potato plants in Ireland were diseased, contributing to the deaths of a million people. Over the next decade, 2 million Irish residents left the country, many of them fleeing to the United States.

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Potatoes Are 80% Water

Potatoes are a hearty addition to any meal; from a wintertime stew to a starchy mash, they’re always deliciously filling. So it might come as a surprise that potatoes are composed of 80% water. It’s the remaining 20% that gives potatoes their substance. The solid matter of a potato is composed of 85% starch (giving potatoes their signature texture) and 15% protein. 

And not only are potatoes filling, but they’re also naturally nutritious. The vegetable contains a variety of essential vitamins, such as vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin, and minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. With fewer than 100 calories in a typical 6- to 8-ounce potato, they can be a healthy addition to most diets.

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The First Potatoes Were Poisonous

While today’s french fries and hash browns are nontoxic, early potato varieties posed a serious health threat. Potato plants were domesticated in the Andes Mountains of South America by Indigenous tribes more than 7,000 years ago. To domesticate the crop, Andeans had to breed varieties of wild potato plants containing solanine and tomatine, toxic compounds that protect the plant from predators and fungi. 

The toxins were not affected by heat, so the Andeans turned to nature for answers. They found a clever solution in the practices of guanacos and vicuñas (wild relatives of llamas), who licked clay before eating the toxic plants. The clay binds to the toxins, allowing them to pass through the digestive system without incident. Andeans began dunking their spuds in a mixture of clay and water before consumption. To this day, clay dust is sold in markets across Peru and Bolivia as a supplement for the few remaining varieties of these toxic potatoes, although the toxins themselves have since been bred out.

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Potatoes Were the First Vegetables Grown in Space

In 1995, a groundbreaking experiment aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia forever changed extraterrestrial agriculture. Scientists had long speculated that crops could be cultivated in outer space, so a mission was designed to test this hypothesis. Researchers placed five clipped leaves from a potato plant into beds of moistened soil and sent them into space, with a control group remaining on Earth. 

Within a few weeks, all 10 cuttings had sprouted similarly sized potatoes, around the size of a gumball, proving the space spuds that orbited Earth were doing just as well as their counterparts on the ground. This mission paved the way for modern space farming, as seen in current operations on the International Space Station, allowing astronauts to grow fresh food during their time in orbit.

Rachel Gresh
Writer

Rachel is a writer and period drama devotee who's probably hanging out at a local coffee shop somewhere in Washington, D.C.

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In the United States, the $100 bill, which features the familiar image of founding father Benjamin Franklin, is the highest currency denomination printed today. But this wasn’t always the case. We don’t have to go too far back in history to find bills far exceeding that value, with individual notes reaching even into the thousands. While these larger bills remain legal tender, they were removed from circulation decades ago. But why? 

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A History of Big Bills

The United States used to print currency in denominations that would seem extreme to most modern-day citizens. The highest value note ever issued by the federal government was the $100,000 gold certificate. Printed between December 1934 and January 1935, it was meant to be used only for official transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and was never circulated among the general public — it was even illegal for a private individual to own one.  

The gold certificate remains something of an anomaly, but several other high-value notes were widely circulated for much of American history. There was a $500 bill featuring President William McKinley, a $1,000 note featuring President Grover Cleveland, a $5,000 bill with President James Madison, and a whopping $10,000 bill that bore the lesser-known visage of Salmon P. Chase, who served as Abraham Lincoln’s Secretary of the Treasury from 1861 to 1864. 

All these notes were last printed in 1945 and were later discontinued (no longer issued) in 1969. They remain legal tender even now, but the ones still in circulation today are likely in the hands of private numismatic dealers and collectors. The rarest of these notes are worth a lot of money — in 2019, a rare $1,000 bill from 1891 was valued at between $2 million and $3 million. So if you do ever come across one of these notes, do not use it at face value — it’s probably worth a lot more as a collector’s item.  

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The 1969 Decision

On July 14, 1969, the Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve System announced that currency notes above $100 would be discontinued immediately due to lack of use. A couple principal factors drove this decision. First, these large bills had served a practical purpose up until the mid-20th century, primarily used for large bank transfers, real estate transactions, and settlements between financial institutions. But the rise of electronic banking and wire transfers, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, reduced the need for physical currency in large denominations — and electronic transfers were faster, safer, and more efficient anyway. 

Secondly, then-President Richard Nixon was justifiably concerned that large bills made it easier for criminals to launder money and conceal large sums of illicit cash. A single briefcase, for example, could hold millions of dollars in $1,000 or $10,000 notes, creating a convenient vehicle for money laundering, tax evasion, and other financial crimes. Even to this day, high-denomination notes are often viewed as a security risk around the globe. As recently as 2016, the European Central Bank began phasing out the €500 note (equivalent to about $542) — a bill nicknamed the “Bin Laden” because of its association with money laundering and terror financing. 

The lack of high-denomination bills in America today aligns with global anti-money-laundering efforts and the rise of digital transactions. So for now, at least, the $100 bill will remain the highest denomination banknote available in the United States, keeping those Benjamins at the top of the pile when it comes to paper money.

Tony Dunnell
Writer

Tony is an English writer of nonfiction and fiction living on the edge of the Amazon jungle.

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The celebrated American graphic designer Paul Rand, who designed the logos for IBM, UPS, and ABC, once said, “Design is the silent ambassador of your brand.” In our fast-paced modern world, logos are a perfect embodiment of this idea. They often say or portray very little on their own, but they nonetheless become vital symbols used to identify and promote companies. 

Perhaps nowhere are logos more important than in the automotive industry, which has churned out some of the most instantly recognizable designs in the world. These emblems, displayed prominently on vehicles worldwide, often contain fascinating stories — stories that many of us have never heard, despite being very familiar with the resulting symbols. Here are the meanings behind the logos of five of the world’s most famous car manufacturers. — iconic emblems that provide a glimpse into automotive history.

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BMW

In 1917, the aircraft engine manufacturer Rapp Motorenwerke was renamed Bayerische Motoren Werke (Bavarian Motor Works), which most of us now know by its three-letter abbreviation. BMW retained some elements of the Rapp logo, including its circular shape and black outer ring. But in the center of the ring, the logo’s designers placed the now-iconic blue-and-white quadrants, the colors of which were taken directly from the flag of Bavaria, where BMW’s founding city of Munich is located. 

Contrary to popular belief, the emblem wasn’t designed to evoke a spinning airplane propeller against a blue sky. This oft-repeated myth began with a 1929 advertisement promoting a new aircraft engine the company was developing, which featured an airplane with the BMW logo represented in its rotating propeller. While this myth fits with the company’s roots in aircraft manufacturing, it isn’t the real reason behind the logo — that honor stays firmly in Bavaria. 

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Audi

Audi’s distinctive four interlocking rings represent the 1932 merger of four previously independent automobile manufacturers. In 1932, Audi, Horch, DKW, and Wanderer merged to form Auto Union AG, becoming one of the largest motor vehicle manufacturers in Germany. Initially, each ring contained the name and logo of one of the founding companies. In 1949, a simplified version of the Audi logo was introduced, with the name Auto Union affixed over the four rings. The lettering was later removed entirely, leaving us with the simple, clean, easily recognizable Audi logo we know today. 

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Ferrari 

The history of Ferrari’s iconic prancing horse emblem (cavallino rampante, as it’s known in Italy) can be traced back to 1923, when Enzo Ferrari — the company’s founder — was still a competitive race car driver. After winning a race in Ravenna, Enzo met Enrico Baracca and Baracca’s wife, Paolina. They were the parents of Francesco Baracca, Italy’s top fighter pilot during World War I, who was credited with 34 aerial victories before he was killed in battle in 1918. He was known for having the emblem of a prancing black horse on his plane, and when Francesco’s mother met Ferrari, she suggested he use the  logo on his cars.

When Ferrari founded his racing team, Scuderia Ferrari, in 1932, he took the suggestion, applying the prancing horse logo to the team’s race cars and later to the company’s luxury sports car. Ferrari wrote about the logo in his autobiography, “The horse was and remained black; I added the canary yellow background, which is the color of Modena’s gonfalon” — a gonfalon being a type of heraldic flag, and Modena being the city in which Ferrari was founded.  

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Porsche

Porsche was founded in Stuttgart, Germany in 1931, but its logo wasn’t designed until the early 1950s, after the development of the first production Porsche model, the Porsche 356. The manufacturer, under the leadership of the founder’s son, Ferry Porsche, decided an impactful logo was needed. In 1952, Porsche’s head of advertising, Hermann Lapper, and designer Franz Xaver Reimspieß presented a logo that remains nearly unchanged to this day. 

The design plays on Porsche’s history and birthplace. In the center of the emblem is a prancing horse on a golden shield, directly inspired by the Stuttgart city seal (the name of the city itself appears above the horse). Behind this central shield, and forming the rest of the logo, is a design based on the coat of arms of Württemberg-Hohenzollern, which once claimed Stuttgart as its capital. While Porsche has made some minor adjustments over the years, the logo essentially remains the same as the original 1952 design. 

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Lamborghini

Automobili Lamborghini was founded by Ferruccio Lamborghini in 1963, after he decided to transition from manufacturing tractors to building top-of-the line sports cars. This change was accompanied by a new logo, featuring Lamborghini’s now-famous raging bull. The design was meant to represent more than just power, however. Ferruccio Lamborghini was born on April 28, 1916, making his astrological sign Taurus, which is symbolized by a bull. He took this to heart as both a personal and professional symbol, hence his desire to incorporate a bull into his company’s emblem.

Lamborghini was also a big fan of bullfighting. In 1962, shortly before founding the company, he visited the ranch of Don Eduardo Miura Fernández, a famous breeder of Spanish fighting bulls. This visit further inspired the logo that went on to adorn Lamborghini sports cars — and perhaps explains the aggressive posture of the bull on the resulting emblem.

Tony Dunnell
Writer

Tony is an English writer of nonfiction and fiction living on the edge of the Amazon jungle.

Original photo by Mira/ Alamy Stock Photo

We’ve all been there: You walk into Walmart, Target, Costco, or BJ’s with a short list of essentials — maybe you need a greeting card, some dog food, and a pack of socks for your teenager. But by the time you reach the checkout, your cart seems to have magically filled itself with extra snacks, home decor, and that cool kitchen gadget you didn’t know existed but are now convinced you need. 

Big-box and department stores are specifically designed to make us spend more than we intend. Retailers use a variety of clever strategies to encourage impulse purchases, extend our shopping time, and make sure we leave with more — much more — than just the necessities. While these tactics may seem subtle, they’re highly effective at boosting sales and emptying wallets.

Here are five of the most common methods stores use to get you to spend more money than you otherwise might.

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They’re Strategic About Store Layout

Retailers don’t just randomly throw products on shelves — each section of a store is carefully planned to maximize spending. In big-box stores, essential items including dairy, bread, and meats are often placed at the farthest corners of the store, requiring customers to walk past dozens of enticing displays before reaching what they actually came for. Along the way, you may spot a tempting seasonal sale, a colorful endcap filled with limited-time snacks, or an eye-catching electronics display.

Additionally, store layouts are designed to keep you inside for as long as possible. Many retailers use the “decompression zone” — the first few feet inside the entrance — to transition shoppers into the store, making them more receptive to impulse purchases. This area is typically open and uncluttered and contains minimal signage to prevent sensory overload, preventing consumers from being immediately overwhelmed and lulling them into the optimal relaxed state of mind for shopping.

Wide aisles, bright lighting, and carefully placed promotional displays are all part of the plan to slow shoppers down, increasing the likelihood of adding extra items to their carts. Some big-box stores even place high-demand items such as batteries or phone chargers in less obvious spots so customers must search harder for them, passing even more tempting merchandise along the way.

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They Play Psychological Games With Pricing

Pricing strategies influence how we perceive value. One of the most common tricks is charm pricing, also known as psychological pricing — in other words, setting prices just below a round number. For example, a product priced at $9.99 instead of $10.00 seems cheaper in our minds, even though the difference is just a penny. This is due to the left-digit bias, the phenomenon in which our brains tend to focus primarily on the first number we see, because we read left to right.

Some stores also use something called “prestige pricing,” wherein higher prices make products seem more luxurious or desirable. Think about how high-end brands rarely end their prices in .99 — designer handbags and perfumes are often priced at round numbers such as $100 or $250, reinforcing their premium appeal.

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They Create an Atmosphere That Keeps You Browsing

Big-box and department stores carefully craft their atmosphere to encourage shoppers to linger, which often means spending more money. Slow, relaxing music subtly influences customers to move at a leisurely pace, increasing the likelihood of impulse purchases. Strategic lighting enhances the appeal of merchandise, with warm, inviting tones making products appear more desirable, while spotlights draw attention to high-margin items including premium electronics, designer handbags, or seasonal must-haves.

Even scents come into play — some department stores use signature fragrances to create a sense of luxury, while big-box retailers might pump out the smell of fresh coffee or popcorn near their cafés to further tempt shoppers and make them feel more at home. Plush seating areas, stylish displays, and open layouts make browsing feel more like an experience than just a shopping trip. And the longer you stay, the more you’re likely to buy.

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They Use Loyalty Programs To Make Us Feel Special

Loyalty programs may seem like just an easy way to save money, but they’re primarily designed to encourage repeat spending. Whether it’s a rewards credit card, a points system, or member-exclusive discounts, these programs create a sense of obligation and incentive to shop more frequently. In fact, research indicates members of loyalty programs generate 12% to 18% more revenue per year than non-members.

For example, Costco’s membership model makes customers feel invested in getting the most value out of their annual fee, leading them to shop there more often. Similarly, Target’s Circle program offers personalized deals based on shopping history, subtly encouraging customers to return for what feels like tailor-made discounts. These programs often increase spending by offering “rewards” that require additional purchases to redeem — and in doing so, you usually spend more money redeeming those rewards than you end up actually saving.

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They Influence Us With Product Placement and Bundling

You may have noticed how expensive name-brand products are placed at eye level while cheaper alternatives are stocked on lower or higher shelves. That’s no accident; that’s product placement in action. Retailers strategically reserve prime shelf space for high-margin items, ensuring they catch customers’ attention first. Similarly, impulse-buy products including candy, magazines, small gadgets, and gift cards are positioned near checkout lanes, where shoppers are more likely to grab them while waiting in line.

Bundling is another sneaky tactic designed to increase spending. Department stores may display complementary items close to one another — e.g.,  handbags next to shoes or skincare products alongside makeup — to subtly encourage customers to buy more than they originally planned. Electronics departments modify this approach by bundling accessories with major purchases, making it seem logical to add an extra charger, case, battery, or warranty. These strategies work by creating convenience and perceived value, nudging shoppers toward higher spending.

Kristina Wright
Writer

Kristina is a coffee-fueled writer living happily ever after with her family in the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia.

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The human body is a complex network of bones, sinews, tendons, organs, and muscles all working together to propel us through our daily lives, but it’s the latter member of this biological lineup that literally does much of the heavy lifting. More than 600 muscles spread across three muscle groups — skeletal, smooth (found in the walls of some organs), and cardiac — make up the human body, and this intricate system accounts for up to 40% of your total body mass. 

With such a complicated system keeping you moving (it takes the coordination of more than 200 muscles just to walk, for example), the human muscular system is a treasure trove of head-scratching and awe-inspiring facts. Here are five facts that will make you better appreciate what your hundreds of muscles do for you every day. 

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They Provide Humans With a “Sixth Sense”

You’re familiar with the body’s five senses (taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing) but there’s a little-known sixth sense provided by receptors in your muscles, tendons, and skin known as “proprioception.” The information sent by those receptors, once processed by the cerebellum, allows your brain to interpret the position of your body in space.

Impairment of this sense can affect even the most physically fit among us. During the 2020 Olympics (held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic), U.S. gymnast Simone Biles famously experienced a condition known as the “twisties,” which is essentially a temporary impairment of a type of proprioception known as “air awareness” — basically your brain and body have a slight communication breakdown that results in the body no longer accurately sensing its position while airborne. Luckily, most of us don’t require gymnast-level attunement to our proprioceptors in our daily lives, but it goes to show how our muscles do much more than just physically move us from place to place.

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Your Strongest Muscle Is the Masseter 

People often say the tongue is the strongest muscle in the human body, but that’s actually incorrect in more ways than one. First off, the tongue isn’t one muscle but a collection of eight muscles, each with an important role for talking, eating, and anchoring to the skeleton. And while it’s true a healthy tongue rarely shows signs of fatigue, its strength by volume is dwarfed by that of the masseter, known more commonly as the jaw muscle. 

Working in coordination with other muscles located in the jaw, the masseter can deliver up to 200 pounds of force on the molars. While the gluteus maximus (aka your butt) is the largest muscle and the heart is by far the hardest working, no muscle singlehandedly delivers as much power as the masseter.

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Your Muscles Shiver To Warm Your Body

Although mammals are often referred to as “warm-blooded,” muscles actually provide up to 85% of the warmth in your body, because every time a muscle contracts, it produces heat. When your body gets cold, the brain’s hypothalamus first reduces blood flow to the skin while blood returning from your limbs enters deep veins. This helps entrap heat in the body for longer. But when this doesn’t quite do the trick, the brain then sends random signals to your skeletal muscles, causing them to contract and produce more heat to help warm your body — what we experience as shivering.  

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Human Eye Muscles Make 100,000 Movements a Day

When you think of muscles, you may picture the elegant pulley system that is the bicep/tricep duo or maybe your heart, the primary muscle that makes life possible. However, there are many other hard-working muscles that fly more under the radar, and chief among them are the six muscles (per eye) required for human vision. These muscles make approximately three coordinated movements per second, which comes to about 100,000 such movements total per day. 

So why isn’t our vision blurred due to all that constant movement? Well, it turns out our brains anticipate where we’re going to look and ignore the blurry movement it takes to move our eyes in those directions. People have long marveled at the ingenuity of the human eye, but it’s the surrounding muscles that truly enable us to take in the world around us.

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Your Body Contains a Few Muscles That Don’t Do Anything

Human bodies are still an evolutionary work in progress, and this can be seen in the many vestigial (aka nonfunctional) muscles left over from our primate past. One example, the pyramidalis muscle in the abdomen, is believed to contract the thin band of connective tissue that runs down the front of your abdomen (known as the linea alba), but it’s no longer needed for that function — in fact, some people don’t have this muscle at all.

Another vestigial muscle is the palmaris longus, which stretches from the wrist to the elbow and is suspected to have aided our ancestors in their grip strength. Around 10% of people don’t have this muscle in either arm. And then there are the auricular muscles, which theoretically aid in the physical movement of our ears by changing the shape of the pinna, the ear’s visible outer portion. Our ancestors stopped using these muscles for that function millions of years ago, although 2025 research shows these muscles may still be handy when trying to distinguish competing sounds.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.