Interesting Facts

If you’re planning to throw a party, you might need to rent extra tables or chairs, or perhaps even a tent or a tux. But in the 1700s, party hosts and guests looking to make a statement were in the rental market for an entirely different accessory: pineapples. The message they were trying to send? That they were extravagantly wealthy. Prior to the 20th century, when pineapple plantations made the fruit widely available, pineapples were incredibly expensive imports to Europe (and most other places). In the 18th century, a single fruit bought in Britain could cost upwards of $8,000 in today’s money. 

When you eat pineapple, it eats you back.

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Ever notice that your mouth stings when you bite into some pineapple? That’s because the juicy treat contains the enzyme bromelain, which breaks down proteins. It’s also what makes pineapple a great meat tenderizer. Some say adding salt will curb the tingle.

Christopher Columbus is credited with introducing pineapples to Europe in the 1490s after voyaging to the Americas. Just one survived his return journey, and the bromeliad quickly had an impact. Dubbed the “king of fruits,” the pineapple became a symbol of opulence and royalty because of its scarcity. Pineapples were featured in paintings of kings, printed on linens and wallpaper, and even carved into furniture. Obtaining a rare pineapple meant the buyer had money and status — and for that reason, the fruit was also often featured decor at parties and events. Eventually, European botanists learned to grow pineapples in greenhouses and reduce their cost. But until the fruits were widely available, many partygoers in Britain would seek out a pineapple for just one night, renting the fruit for a fraction of its full price and sometimes even carrying it around at the party as the ultimate (uneaten) accessory

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Number of pineapples produced by a plant during its life span
1-2
Rough height (in feet) of the world’s largest pineapple-shaped building, in Bathurst, South Africa
56
Number of flowers produced by a pineapple plant on one stalk
200+
Year James Dole opened the first commercial pineapple farm in Hawaii
1900

The word “pineapple” originally referred to a ______.

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The word “pineapple” originally referred to a pine cone.

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Queen Elizabeth II received cases of pineapples as a wedding gift.

What kind of gift do you send a future queen in honor of her nuptials? In Queen Elizabeth II’s case: pineapples. In 1947, the government of Queensland, Australia, marked the celebration with a wedding gift of 500 cases of canned pineapple. While today the gift might be considered unusual, it was warmly received in Britain just two years after World War II ended; at the time, Britain was still experiencing wartime rationing, which would persist for seven years after the war’s end. With many goods still difficult to come by, Queensland sent a surplus of its pineapple harvest to Britain, where many citizens still rarely saw fresh fruit. The cans, which were decorated with commemorative labels, were given out to British families, along with donations from other countries, including 804 metric tons of food from Toronto, Canada, and more than 50,000 packages from the United States.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Interesting Facts

In terms of sheer revenue, Michelin is the king of tires. But when it comes to the number of actual tires produced, the No. 1 manufacturer is more surprising: Lego.

The toy company makes more than 300 million tiny tires every year, which is nearly 100 million more than Michelin, Bridgestone, or any other corporation whose considerably larger products are made for actual automobiles. Lego’s tire production peaked in 2010, when it made 381 million — enough for 95 million of its classic Batmobiles.

The plural of “Lego” is “Lego.”

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Though some people insist on omitting the “s” when pluralizing “Lego,” the company itself says the actual plural is “Lego bricks.”

Though some may question whether Lego’s tires truly qualify for this metric, Guinness World Records is of the opinion that they “do fit all descriptions of a standard tire” and that the “rubber compound used for the Lego products would not be out of place on a domestic car.” The toy company — whose name comes from the first two letters of the Danish words leg godt, meaning “play well” — introduced its first cars in the early 1960s. Popular Lego cars today include the pink 2 Fast 2 Furious Honda S2000, the enchanted flying Ford Anglia from Harry Potter, and a yellow taxi serving the fair city of Bricksburg, among many others. 

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Pieces in the World Map, the largest Lego set to date
11,000+
Height (in feet) of the tallest tower ever made with Lego bricks
114
Year the Lego Group was founded
1932
Legoland parks
11

The bestselling Lego set of all time is the ______.

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The bestselling Lego set of all time is the Mindstorms RIS 2.0.

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There are 80 Lego bricks for every person on Earth.

There are 68,000 Lego bricks produced every minute, which works out to 36 billion a year. According to the company, there aren’t just more Lego bricks than there are people in the world — there are, in fact, 80 bricks for each person.

With 8 billion people in the world, that comes out to about 640 billion bricks that currently exist (and counting). What’s more, Lego’s quality control is so consistent that bricks produced in 1958 would still connect with those made today, which helps explain why the toy has been so enduringly popular.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by fcafotodigital/ iStock

It turns out there’s a price to pay for how tasty and nutritious pistachios are: Under the right circumstances, they can spontaneously combust. Everyone’s favorite shelled nut is especially rich in fat, which is highly flammable. Thankfully, that only becomes a problem when pistachios are packed too tightly during shipping or storage. It’s important to keep the nuts dry lest they become moldy — but if they’re kept too dry and there are too many of them bunched together, they can self-heat and catch fire without an external heat source. 

“Flammable” and “inflammable” mean the same thing.

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If you watched “Clarissa Explains It All” way back when, you already know that these two words are synonyms despite appearing to be antonyms. When describing something that can’t catch fire, the word you’re looking for is “nonflammable.”

Though exceedingly rare and easy to avoid if the proper instructions are followed, pistachio self-combustion is a real enough concern that the German Transport Information Service specifically advises that pistachios “not be stowed together with fibers/fibrous materials as oil-soaked fibers may promote self-heating/spontaneous combustion of the cargo.” Don’t worry, though: It won’t happen in your pantry with just a few bags, which means you can indulge in the shelled snack of your dreams without worrying about their flavor becoming unexpectedly smoky.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Tons of pistachios produced worldwide in the 2025-2026 season
1.09 million
Tons of pistachios produced in the U.S. in the 2025-2026 season
712,682
Grams of fat in 1 cup of pistachios
56
Years a pistachio tree can live
300

Pistachios are known as “______” in China.

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Pistachios are known as “happy nuts” in China.

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Raw cashews are toxic.

Cashews are delicious, but you’d never know it from looking at a cashew tree — they’re quite strange-looking. If seeing one in the wild makes you hesitant to eat the fruit they bear, there’s a good reason for that: Cashew shells are toxic. They contain a toxin called urushiol, which triggers a delayed allergic reaction in the form of a painful, itchy rash; urushiol is also found in poison ivy, which, like cashews and pistachios, is a member of the Anacardiaceae family of trees. It’s for this reason that cashews are roasted before being sold and consumed, even those labeled as “raw.” Doing so removes all traces of urushiol and makes them safe to eat.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Katrina Elena/ Shutterstock

What are the health benefits of having a close friend — like identical twins close — for your entire life? Well, according to research from the University of Washington, the positive effects on life expectancy can be astounding. In 2016, UW scientists analyzed data gathered in the Danish Twin Registry, one of the world’s oldest registries on identical and fraternal twins. The data the scientists reviewed included information on nearly 3,000 same-sex twins who survived beyond the age of 10 from 1870 to 1900. With the data being over a century old, scientists could ensure that all subjects in the study had completed their natural lifespans. The study found that twins enjoyed a significantly higher survival rate compared to the overall Danish population, an advantage that peaked for male twins when they were in their mid-40s and for female twins in their early 60s. At those ages, male twins were more likely (by 6 percentage points) to be alive — meaning that in a group of 100 Danish men back then, if 84 were still alive at age 45, for twins the number was 90. For female twins, the difference at the peak was 10 percentage points.

Identical twins have the same fingerprints.

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Identical twins share a lot of common traits, but fingerprints aren’t among them. Fingerprints are developed by both genetics and environmental factors in the womb, and while research has found that twin fingerprints can be similar, they’re never exact copies.

While both fraternal and identical twins outperformed their non-twin counterparts, identical twins showed even greater gains in life expectancy over fraternal twins, leading scientists to theorize that identical twins perhaps form deeper bonds due to an enhanced ability to predict their sibling’s needs. The strength of social bonds in relation to health outcomes isn’t unique to twins, though. A similar effect has been observed between married, or otherwise partnered, couples and single people, which is known as the marriage protection effect. Both examples show the vital need humans have for strong social connections, and connections don’t get much stronger than the bond — and DNA — shared between identical twins.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Age of Jeanne Louise Calment, the oldest person to ever live, when she died in 1997
122
World box-office returns for the 1988 film “Twins” with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito
$216.6 million
Number of twins born per 1,000 births, according to 2021 CDC data
31.2
Year the Minnesota Twins baseball team won their last World Series
1991

Romulus and Remus are mythical twin brothers who founded the city of ______.

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Romulus and Remus are mythical twin brothers who founded the city of Rome.

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There is an extremely rare third type of twin.

You’ve heard of identical and fraternal twins. The former, known as monozygotic, happens when twins originate from the same egg, while the latter, called dizygotic, happens when two separate eggs are fertilized at the same time (the most common type of twin). However, there’s also an extremely rare third type of twin known as semi-identical, or sesquizygotic. First documented in 2007, this type occurs when two sperm fertilize the same egg. Sesquizygotic twins share the same placenta and will have somewhere between 50% and 100% of the same DNA (essentially on a spectrum between normal siblings/fraternal twins and identical twins). Although the twins also share the same amniotic sac, the two fetuses can actually be different sexes, something that’s impossible with identical twins. To this day, only a handful of sesquizygotic twins have been identified.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Dmitry Kuzmenko/ Unsplash

Milk and cookies go together like peanut butter and jelly, salt and pepper, Jay-Z and Beyoncé. However, there is a right way and a wrong way to dunk a cookie in milk, according to scientists. In 1998, a professor at the University of Bristol in the U.K. looked into the ideal method for dunking a British biscuit (aka a cookie) into a drink, using the concept of capillary action — the way fluids move spontaneously through small tubes in porous materials — and Washburn’s equation, which describes their journey. Eventually, he determined that the typical British biscuit is best dunked for 3.5 to 5 seconds. Using this same technique in 2016, scientists at the University of Utah’s Splash Lab determined the perfect dunk time for the much-beloved Oreo. Although the amount of time to get to “perfect” depends on preferred sogginess levels and milk fat content, the Utah researchers determined that three seconds was enough to thoroughly saturate the Oreo without losing structural integrity.

Oreos are a copy of another cookie.

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The Oreo looks like the epitome of dessert ingenuity, but it actually got its start as a near-exact knockoff of a cookie called Hydrox, released in 1908. Hydrox eventually lost popularity in part because its name sounded like a cleaning product, but the brand is still around.

Here’s the journey in slow motion. Cookies are porous, and milk travels through the small holes inside them the same way ink does through blotting paper, or a spill through a paper towel. During tests, the Oreo soaked up 50% of its potential liquid weight in one second. That number shot up to 80% at two seconds, flatlined at three seconds, and maxed out at four seconds — meaning the cookie could absorb no more milk. So if the goal was to saturate the cookie but not lose structural cohesion, three seconds was the perfect number. While this test used 2% milk as its dunking medium, the optimal dunking time will vary slightly when using other milk: The higher the milk fat (like whole milk or cream), the longer a cookie can be dunked, but only by mere fractions of a second. Mmmmm, we just made ourselves hungry.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Percentage of creme filling in a “Double Stuf” Oreo compared to the original
186%
Number of mammalian species (Homo sapiens) that drink milk as adults
1
Year the “Oreo Biscuit” was introduced by Nabisco
1912
Gallons of milk an average dairy cow in the U.S. produces each day
7.5

The first “Got Milk?” ad, in 1993, was directed by ______.

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The first “Got Milk?” ad, in 1993, was directed by Michael Bay.

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All humans used to be lactose intolerant.

All mammalian young produce an enzyme known as lactase, which allows babies to digest lactose, a naturally occurring sugar found in milk (human or otherwise). As mammals age, their bodies naturally produce less and less lactase, until eventually milk sugars are no longer digestible. But around 10,000 BCE, a genetic mutation in humans took hold near modern-day Turkey that effectively kept human lactase production permanently set in the “on” position. According to some anthropologists, this gave certain cultures a distinct advantage, since this new lactose tolerance added a pool of easily accessible calories to the human diet. A 2015 study looking at the DNA of Eurasians who lived between 6500 BCE and 300 BCE shows that Russian steppe herders likely introduced the mutation to Western Europe. However, humanity’s ability to digest milk isn’t as widespread as you might think. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that 68% of the world’s adult population experiences “lactose malabsorption,” and those percentages are particularly high in Asia and Africa.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by peepo/ iStock

For the 2% to 3% of people with genuine ophidiophobia (fear of snakes), not to mention the 50% who just feel anxious about the reptiles, Ireland may seem like heaven on Earth. That’s because throughout its entire modern history, the Emerald Isle has been home to precisely zero endemic snake species. Although one of the nation’s most popular legends tells of St. Patrick driving serpents from the island in the fifth century CE, snakes haven’t slithered along Ireland’s soil since at least before the last ice age. 

Every U.S. state has snakes.

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Although 49 U.S. states have some kind of snake species, Alaska has no resident snake population. Snakes find Alaska’s cold climate and long stretches of darkness too inhospitable. (Hawaii’s snakes are all invasive.) Texas, on the other hand, is home to 105 different kinds of snakes.

Ireland’s geological history makes it perfectly inhospitable for snakes. During the last ice age, the northern latitudes of the British Isles were just too cold for ectotherms (animals dependent on the sun to warm their bodies), so these creatures migrated south. As the ice age receded, glaciers retreated to the poles and water levels rose; the land bridge to Ireland became submerged around 8,500 years ago, whereas the land bridge to England stuck around for 2,000 more years, allowing snakes more time to migrate north as the planet warmed. This is why England has endemic snakes, while Ireland does not. (New Zealand and Iceland lack snakes for similar reasons.)

However, this doesn’t mean you won’t run into any snakes in Ireland. While the island has no endemic snake species, it isn’t illegal to have one as a pet (like it is in Hawaii) — in fact, pet snakes were seen as a status symbol in Ireland during the 1990s. With many people setting their pet snakes free during the economic recession around 2008, it’s possible a few populations of snakes are slithering about, though not nearly in large enough numbers to threaten Ireland’s ecosystem or its residents.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Year St. Patrick died (by some accounts) in what is now Downpatrick, Ireland
461 CE
Estimated number of invasive brown tree snakes in Guam, a 210-square-mile island
2 million
Length (in feet) of the Titanoboa, a 60 million-year-old extinct snake and the largest ever discovered
42.7
Number of snake species found in the U.K., including the grass snake, adder, and smooth snake
3

Scientists say the snake that has killed the most people is likely the ______.

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Scientists say the snake that has killed the most people is likely the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus).

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Snakes can smell with their tongues.

Have you ever seen a snake flick its forked tongue? Scientists — going back to ancient Greece — have theorized a variety of reasons for why snakes perform this strange tongue dance, hypothesizing about its role in enhanced taste, grooming, or fly-catching. Turns out, it’s none of these things — snakes actually use their tongues to smell. Snakes have limited hearing and eyesight compared to humans, but they make up for it with an incredible sense of smell. Although they do detect scent through their nostrils, they can also use a pair of vomeronasal organs located at the roof of their mouth to follow smells. A snake flicks its forked tongue to create eddies of odor particles in the air, then transports them back to its mouth with its tongue tips, delivering scent to each organ. This allows the snake to not only smell its surroundings, but also discern in what direction a certain smell is strongest. Some scientists have described this process as “smelling in stereo.” When a snake is on the move, especially when hunting, it’ll flick its tongue once per second (or more) to stay on the trail of its prey.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by © JimVallee/ iStock

England doesn’t have the most annual tornadoes of any country overall — that dubious honor belongs to the United States — but it does have the most by land area. Brits are hit by roughly 29 twisters every year, which works out to 2.2 tornadoes per 10,000 square kilometers (3,861 square miles); that’s quite a bit more than the U.S., which gets 1.3 a year per the same area. England has a total area of 50,301 square miles, while America is vastly larger at 3,531,837 square miles.

Hurricanes are faster than tornadoes.

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Though they’re much bigger, hurricanes aren’t as fast as tornadoes, which reach much higher wind speeds. Tornadoes reach about 207 mph, while hurricanes are typically closer to 131 mph.

About 1,150 tornadoes are reported in the U.S. each year, which is more than all of Europe, Canada, and Australia combined. This is mostly due to topography, as the vast area in the middle of the country — appropriately known as Tornado Alley — is where dry, cold air traveling from Canada meets the moist, warm air from the south.

This creates unstable atmospheric conditions, which are ideal for the formation of tornadoes. While England isn’t as flat as Tornado Alley, its weather conditions, with an abundance of cold fronts and thunderstorms, are similarly conducive to tornadoes.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

States that comprise Tornado Alley
8
Wind speed (in miles per hour) of the strongest tornado ever recorded
321
Percentage of the world’s tornadoes that occur in the U.S.
75%
Grades in the Fujita Scale (F0-F5)
6

Tornadoes are measured using the ______.

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Tornadoes are measured using the Fujita Scale.

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Tornadoes have plucked the feathers off chickens.

Though it may sound like an urban legend, there have been many instances of tornadoes plucking the feathers right off of chickens. “While it is not the mission of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center to record tornadoes which deplumed fowls,” the organization said in a response to a 1978 article in American Heritage magazine, “enough events of this phenomenon have been documented over the past one hundred and forty years to warrant acceptance.”

The real question isn’t whether this has ever happened but how, and there are a number of competing theories. Some think it’s simply the strength of the wind, while others (including Kurt Vonnegut’s brother Bernard, a meteorologist) believe the birds become so anxious during the storms that they spontaneously molt — an evolutionary adaptation meant to ensure predators make off with only a mouthful of feathers, rather than the entire chicken, when attacking.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by © StudioBarcelona/ iStock

You’ve heard of a catnap, but what about a birdnap? Unlike the feline equivalent, birdnaps are unavailable to us humans for the simple reason that we can’t fly, which is exactly when some avians, namely great frigatebirds, doze off

Frigatebirds can stay aloft for up to two months without stopping, but one thing they can’t do is swim — which is a potential problem, as their flight patterns often take them across the sea. Sleeping mid-flight is key to their ability to traverse those great distances. To prove the long-standing hypothesis that frigatebirds catch some z’s while flying, researchers at Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Ornithology implanted 15 of the birds with electroencephalograms (EEGs) to study activity in their brains.

All humans dream.

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Though some people insist otherwise because they can’t remember their dreams, scientists are in agreement that everyone dreams — usually three to five times a night.

The study offered the first proof that frigatebirds do indeed sleep in flight, but only for about 10 seconds at a time, adding up to a total of 45 minutes a day. That’s much less than on land, where they rest for about 12 hours each day, divided into minute-long naps. 

The birds sleep with only one side of their brain while flying, an ability that typically allows animals to stay alert for predators while asleep. Because frigatebirds don’t have any natural predators in the sky, however, scientists suspect they stay partially alert to prevent crashing into one another. 

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Minutes in the average human nap
60
Miles in the Arctic tern’s migration, the longest of any bird
50,000+
Bird species that can’t fly
~60
Miles per hour a peregrine falcon can fly, making it the fastest bird
186

The strongest bird in the world pound for pound is the ______.

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The strongest bird in the world pound for pound is the black wheatear.

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Three states claim to be first in flight.

North Carolina and Ohio had been quietly feuding over the title of “first in flight” for more than a century by the time a third state — Connecticut — threw its hat in the ring. Though the Wright brothers built the pieces of their pioneering Wright Flyer aircraft in their home state of Ohio, they successfully assembled those pieces and took to the sky in North Carolina in 1903. 

According to the Nutmeg State, however, one Gustave Whitehead beat the brothers to the punch in 1901 with a flying machine described in a contemporaneous article that has since been found unreliable. The state Legislature even passed a 2014 measure declaring Connecticut first in flight. In retaliation, Ohio lawmakers unanimously passed a resolution of their own that “repudiates recent claims made by state lawmakers in Connecticut that it is home to man’s first flight.”

Ohio declares itself the “birthplace of aviation,” while North Carolina’s license plates boast “first in flight.” If there’s one thing both states — and most other sources — can agree on, it’s that Whitehead’s claims were exaggerated.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Interesting Facts

On November 10, 1885, German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach unveiled the first motorcycle. Known as the Reitwagen, or “riding car,” it had four wheels: two large wheels plus a pair of small stabilizers (sort of like training wheels) to help keep it upright. 

Indeed, the wooden creation resembled a bicycle more closely than it did a modern motorcycle, and the low-mounted engine drove the rear wheel via a belt at a top speed of only about 7.5 miles per hour. Though crude by today’s standards, it demonstrated new possibilities for compact, engine-powered vehicles that could reliably carry a rider.

Harley-Davidson’s first factory was in a shed.

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It’s a household name now, but in 1903, the Harley-Davidson motorcycle company operated out of a 10-by-15-foot wooden shed behind the Davidson family home in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Just one year after the Reitwagen’s debut, Carl Benz introduced his motorcar, considered the first practical automobile. Benz’s car had just three wheels, a choice that was more practical than stylistic. Three wheels simplified steering, something Benz tinkered with until introducing his first four-wheeled vehicle, the Benz Victoria, in 1893.

The following year, German company Hildebrand & Wolfmüller introduced the first mass-produced, two-wheeled motorized vehicle marketed as a motorcycle (known in German as a “motorrad”). Unlike the earlier Reitwagen prototype, the Hildebrand & Wolfmüller machine rode on just two wheels and was the first motorcycle sold to the public.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Speed (in mph) that earned the world’s first speeding ticket in 1896
8
Honda Super Cub motorcycles sold as of 2017
100 million
Year Yamaha started as a musical instrument company
1887
Year Harley-Davidson is thought to have originated the term “hog” for its bikes
1920

The official term for a fear of driving is “______.”

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The official term for a fear of driving is “amaxophobia.”

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Folding motorcycles were parachuted out of planes.

World War II sparked a wave of rapid innovation, and one of its stranger byproducts was the Welbike, a small folding motorcycle developed for British paratroopers. Designed to fit inside a standard parachute supply canister, the bike was dropped from aircraft alongside troops and assembled upon landing. 

The U.K.’s Excelsior Motor Company made around 3,600 Welbikes between 1942 and 1943. Though they could be unpacked and quickly ridden at a top speed of about 30 mph after landing, their lightweight design didn’t make them the most durable vehicle, and few Welbikes actually made it into service. The design later influenced civilian bikes such as the Corgi, which started production in 1948.

Nicole Villeneuve
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Nicole is a writer, thrift store lover, and group-chat meme spammer based in Ontario, Canada.

Original photo by Ingrid Pakats/ Shutterstock

Waterfalls are some of the world’s most amazing wonders. Millions of people flock to these water-rushing giants — with names like Niagara, Yosemite Falls, and Iguaçu — to see them up close and in person. However, the largest waterfall in the world has no ticket counter, no gift shop, and no tourists. In fact, there’s nothing at all to see, because this waterfall is entirely underwater. 

The world’s largest human-made waterfall is more than 2,000 years old.

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At an impressive 541 feet, Cascata delle Marmore is an incredible display of Roman engineering. Although they may be known best for their impressive aqueducts, Romans were also in the waterfall-making business, and built this one in 271 BCE to redirect stagnant water to a nearby river.

Nestled between Greenland and Iceland is a body of water known as the Denmark Strait, and beneath its waves lies the world’s largest waterfall. Known simply as the Denmark Strait cataract (a “cataract” is a type of powerful, flowing waterfall), it cascades 11,500 feet toward the seafloor. This incredible deluge — like other underwater cataracts — is actually a dramatic dance between warm and cold water. In the case of the Denmark Strait cataract, cold water from the Nordic Sea meets the much warmer water of the Irminger Sea southwest of Iceland. The cooler, denser water sinks beneath the lighter, warmer water, dropping more than 2 miles to the seafloor. The resulting waterfall completely dwarfs Venezuela’s Angel Falls, the tallest terrestrial waterfall in the world, by more than 8,000 feet. The Denmark Strait cataract is also a staggering 100 miles wide, nearly 15 times wider than the widest terrestrial waterfall, the Khone Phapheng Falls in Laos, which is only 6.7 miles wide. By every single metric, this underwater avalanche towers over the competition — even though it never rises above sea level.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Width (in miles) of the Denmark Strait at its narrowest point
180
Year an enormous ice dam caused Niagara Falls to stop flowing for an entire day
1848
Number of waterfall types, including the punchbowl, plunge, multistep, horsetail, and cataract
10
Length (in seconds) of TLC’s 1994 hit “Waterfalls,” from their second album, “CrazySexyCool”
240

______ is the only waterfall that’s one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World.

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Victoria Falls is the only waterfall that’s one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World.

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The world’s largest volcano is also (mostly) under the ocean.

Some 590 miles northwest of Honolulu, a small, unassuming island known as Pūhāhonu (Hawaiian for “turtle rising for breath”) covers only a 5-acre expanse. But underneath the sea, Pūhāhonu is actually the very tip of the world’s largest volcano. Pūhāhonu is a shield volcano, a type of volcano named for its overall shape — which resembles a shield laying on the ground — and in 2020, scientists confirmed that its size surpassed that of the previous record-holder, Mauna Loa. At 36,000 cubic miles, it’s almost twice the size of Mauna Loa, which clocks in at only 19,200 cubic miles. Part of the reason Pūhāhonu remained such a well-kept secret is that nearly two-thirds of its bulk is below the ocean floor, and is covered by debris and broken coral. The volcano is so heavy, it has actually caused the Earth’s crust nearby to sink.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.