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It probably isn’t 10:10 as you’re reading this, but you’d be forgiven for thinking it is if you just watched an ad for a clock or watch. Timepieces are almost always set to that exact time in advertisements, and as with most aspects of advertising, this choice isn’t arbitrary. 

The time 10:10 is considered aesthetically pleasing because it looks symmetrical on the face of analog watches and clocks, something anyone who prefers things to be neat and tidy will appreciate. It also helps that this position allows the company’s logo to not only be visible but perfectly framed by the hands pointing to 10 and 2. And this isn’t done just some of the time: In 2008, for example, The New York Times found that 97 of the 100 bestselling watches on Amazon were set to 10:10 in their pictures.

Atomic clocks are the most accurate kind.

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They’re so accurate, in fact, that some will gain or lose only a second of time over the course of tens of millions of years.

This ubiquitous hand placement has another, more subtle advantage: It looks like a smiley face. A 2017 study on the subject published in Frontiers in Psychology found watches set to 10:10 “showed a significant positive effect on the emotion of the observer and the intention to buy.” Those set to 8:20, which looks more like a frown and was the standard setting in the 1920s and ’30s, had no such effect. Like a lot of advertising tricks, it’s not evident to most consumers  — but that doesn’t mean it isn’t working.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Rolex sales revenue in 2024
$11.43 billion
Employees of the Swatch Group
36,000
Approximate year the world’s oldest clock was built
1386
Percentage of consumers who wore a watch daily as of 2017
32%

“O’clock” is a contraction of “______.”

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“O’clock” is a contraction of “of the clock.”

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France experimented with 10-hour days during the French Revolution.

Humans have been keeping time according to the sexagesimal (based on 60) system for at least 4,000 years, starting when the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians introduced the concept. The system is based around the number 12 — hence, there are 12 months in a year, 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 24 hours in a day.

Not everyone was a fan of this system, however. As part of the sweeping changes introduced during the French Revolution, the country experimented with decimal time, which is based around the number 10. In the system, a minute is 100 seconds, an hour is 100 minutes, a day is 10 hours, and a week is 10 days.

Decimal time was formally adopted in 1793 but never truly caught on. Everyone already had working duodecimal clocks, the new 10-day week interrupted religious ceremonies due to there no longer being Sundays, and tracking leap years wouldn’t have worked properly. France said au revoir to decimal time when it was officially suspended on April 7, 1795.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by twinsterphoto/iStock

As implied by its name, Election Day is, well, a single day. That wasn't always the case, however: States used to hold elections whenever they wanted within a 34-day period leading up to the first Wednesday in December. This ultimately created some issues, as you might imagine — early voting results ended up holding too much sway over late-deciding voters, for one thing. The current date was implemented by the Presidential Election Day Act of 1845, and federal elections now occur every two years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

The first presidential election spanned two calendar years.

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George Washington was unanimously elected the first president of the U.S., but it took a while — from December 15, 1788, to January 10, 1789, to be precise. Washington wasn’t thrilled at the prospect of being president but answered the call “in obedience to the public summons.”

That may sound arbitrary at first, but the date was chosen quite deliberately. American society was rooted even more deeply in agriculture in the mid-19th century than it is today, so November was chosen for its timing after the harvest. Additionally, it took a full day of traveling for many to reach their polling place, which limited options: Church made weekends impractical, and Wednesday was market day for farmers, so Tuesday proved ideal.

The current process isn’t perfect, of course. U.S. elections tend to have lower turnout than those of most other developed nations, and there have been calls for decades to make Election Day a national holiday. A 2018 poll found that 65% of Americans favored the idea, though there’s been little legislative movement on the proposal. Should it ever be put to a vote, you know when it will be held.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Members of the Electoral College in the first presidential election
69
Candidates who received electoral votes in the first presidential election
12
Electoral votes won by Franklin Roosevelt in 1936 (out of 531), the most in history
523
Presidential elections held as of 2025
60

President ______ never voted prior to his own election.

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President Zachary Taylor never voted prior to his own election.

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George Washington spent an entire campaign budget on booze.

Before he was the first president, George Washington was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1758 until 1775. He actually lost his first election and “attributed his defeat to his failure to provide enough alcohol for the voters,” according to author Daniel Okrent. At the time, it was common for candidates to woo voters by plying them with food and liquor. Washington avoided the same mistake during his second run, spending his entire campaign budget on 28 gallons of rum, 50 gallons of rum punch, 34 gallons of wine, 46 gallons of beer, and 2 gallons of cider royal served to 391 voters — nearly a half-gallon per voter. (He even rolled barrels of liquor to polling places on Election Day, a custom in Virginia at the time.) The practice was widespread despite being technically illegal, and was known as “swilling the planters with bumbo.”

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Julia Koblitz/ Unsplash

For most of human history, scientists haven’t been called “scientists.” From the ancient Greeks to 18th-century Enlightenment thinkers, terms such as “natural philosopher” or the (unfortunately gendered) “man of science” described those who devoted themselves to understanding the laws of the natural world. But by 1834, that pursuit had become so wide and varied that English academic William Whewell feared that science itself would become like “a great empire falling to pieces.” He decided that the field needed a simple word that could unify its disparate branches toward one goal — and the inspiration for this word came from someone who wasn’t a “man” of science at all.

Scientist Mary Somerville was instrumental in the discovery of Neptune.

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In “On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences,” Somerville wrote that an unexplained wobble in Uranus’ orbit likely meant that an eighth unknown planet still lay undiscovered in the solar system. This hint led astronomers to finally discover Neptune in 1846.

Scottish mathematician and science writer Mary Somerville’s book On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences is a masterwork of science communication. Published in 1834, it’s often considered the very first piece of popular science, a work that successfully described the complex scientific world for a general audience. Crucially, it also framed the pursuit of science as a connected, global effort and not as fractured professions siloed in separate “societies.” While writing a review of Somerville’s book, Whewell used his new word to describe the men and women striving for this previously unknown knowledge. Much like an “artist” can create using a variety of media, so too can a “scientist” seek to understand the world in a variety of ways.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Number of scientists in the world, according to a 2021 UNESCO report
8.8 million
Year the journal “Nature” allowed the word “scientist” (90 years after its introduction)
1924
Banknote that the Royal Bank of Scotland redesigned to feature Mary Somerville in 2017
£10
Year Galileo Galilei sketched Neptune possibly without knowing it (the planet was discovered 233 years later)
1613

Some consider the first known scientist to be Greek thinker ______.

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Some consider the first known scientist to be Greek thinker Thales of Miletus.

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Some argue that the scientific method was first used by a Muslim natural philosopher in the 11th century CE.

During the Islamic Golden Age (mid-seventh to mid-13th centuries, often concentrated in Baghdad), Muslim thinkers expanded human knowledge with advancements in astronomy, engineering, music, optics, manufacturing, and (some argue) by creating the very bedrock of modern science itself, the scientific method. At its most basic, the scientific method is a framework that guides scientists toward facts by using hypotheses tested with controlled experiments. Working mostly in Cairo in the early 11th century, polymath Ibn al-Haytham used this method to produce some of his greatest breakthroughs in optics, one of which included the camera obscura (an optical device that was a forerunner of the modern camera). By the 13th century, al-Haytham’s work had been anonymously translated and found its way into the hands of Roger Bacon, an English philosopher who embraced al-Haytham’s empirical approach and formed the foundations of modern European science.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Jamie Lorriman/ Alamy Stock Photo

In the last 15 years or so, 10 Downing Street in London has welcomed six different British prime ministers — and one tenant has lived and served alongside all of them. Larry the Cat is the latest in a long line of pets at the U.K. prime minister’s residence, but the first to be awarded the official title of chief mouser to the Cabinet Office (though others have performed similar functions).

Mice love to eat cheese.

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While a hungry mouse may sink its teeth into an available hunk of cheese, it’s far more likely to enjoy fruits and grains.

Like his predecessors, Larry has been treated with largely playful coverage by the U.K. tabloids. Adopted from the Battersea Dogs & Cats Home for his alleged hunting abilities, the domestic shorthair was “roasted” by the press when a rodent surfaced at a Cabinet dinner early in his tenure, and he later drew attention for his tussles with fellow mouser Palmerston from the Foreign Office. The government’s media arm has even gotten in on the fun with an official profile that lists such feline responsibilities as “testing antique furniture for napping quality” and “contemplating a solution to the mouse occupancy of the house.” Meanwhile, Larry’s unofficial X account has racked up more than 800,000 followers thanks to a steady stream of reliably cheeky quips.

Reportedly tolerant of the family dog that accompanied the previous PM Rishi Sunak into office, Larry showed his predatory instincts remained sharp by chasing away a fox that wandered too close to 10 Downing in October 2022. While U.K. residents may have their hands full with the usual complement of domestic and international issues, they can feel comfortable knowing that Larry is doing his part to keep government operations running smoothly.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Number of U.K. prime ministers to hold office during Larry’s tenure
6
Estimated population of pet cats in the United Kingdom
11,000,000
Total performances of “Cats” during its original West End run
8,949
Birth year of “Cobra Kai” actress Mary Mouser
1996

A group of cats is called a ______.

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A group of cats is called a clowder.

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A pet raccoon lived at the White House during the Calvin Coolidge administration.

The White House has also hosted its share of nonhuman residents, including dogs, cats, and even ponies, but the most noteworthy pet to inhabit the U.S. presidential home may well have been Calvin Coolidge’s raccoon Rebecca. When she was gifted to the first family for its 1926 Thanksgiving dinner, the Coolidges took pity on the ring-tailed critter and incorporated her into their menagerie of animal companions. Rebecca Raccoon appeared at the White House Easter Egg Roll, joined the president on vacations, and was given her own treehouse, although she reportedly preferred frolicking in the hallways and bathtubs of the Executive Mansion. The family also welcomed a second raccoon, named Reuben, but Rebecca regained the spotlight for herself after Reuben fled the coop. At the end of the Coolidge administration, she was sent off to retirement at a local zoo.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

Original photo by AegeanBlue/ iStock

Turnips aren’t usually considered fancy fare — over the years, they’ve served as livestock fodder and occasionally been used to pelt unpopular figures in public. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, they were not just begrudgingly served for dinner, but also used as small lanterns. The durable root crop is often harvested as the weather cools, and in Ireland, that was just in time for Samhain, the Celtic celebration of summer’s end. Ancient Celts believed that the separation between the living world and spirit realm was at its weakest during autumn, making it possible for ghosts and demons to cause mischief. To protect themselves and their homes, superstitious folk across the British Isles would carve frightening faces into produce — sometimes potatoes or beets, but most commonly turnips — as a way to ward off harm. With a lit candle placed inside, the illuminated faces acted as old-world lanterns that banished the unwanted and guided the way along dark paths. 

The world’s smallest book is about turnips.

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“Teeny Ted From Turnip Town” has its own ISBN number, but you can’t check it out from a library. That’s because the world’s smallest book — a story about a country fair turnip contest — is 0.07 mm by 0.10 mm (smaller than a pinhead) and can be read only with an electron microscope.

Turnip carving slowly faded in popularity, especially after the advent of electricity. Still, the tradition made its way to the U.S., albeit with a twist, thanks to an influx of Irish immigrants fleeing famine around the 1840s: Harvest-time celebrants found that pumpkins, abundant and native to North America, were much easier to carve than turnips. The modified tradition caught on during the later part of the 20th century and gave root to the bewitching American custom of carving jack-o’-lanterns around Halloween.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Approximate weight (in pounds) of the world’s heaviest turnip, harvested in 2004
39
Most lit jack-o’-lanterns ever on display, in Keene, New Hampshire, in 2013
30,581
Year NASA revealed a mission to grow experimental turnips on the moon
2013
Year of the first official Halloween celebration in the U.S., held in Anoka, Minnesota
1920

______, an Irish potato dish, is traditionally served on Halloween.

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Colcannon, an Irish potato dish, is traditionally served on Halloween.

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The name “jack-o’-lantern” comes from an Irish legend.

Considering that the tradition of carving pumpkins came to America from Ireland, it’s no surprise that the name for carved-produce lanterns comes from Irish lore too. According to an Irish folktale, a thief known by the name of Stingy Jack outsmarted and trapped the devil, agreeing to release him only if the thief’s soul would be guaranteed safe from a fiery afterlife. When Stingy Jack’s final day arrived, his bad behavior kept him out of heaven — and his deal barred him from the underworld. Instead, his apparition was left to wander the Earth, carrying only a burning coal to light his travels, and with a new moniker: “Jack of the Lantern,” which eventually became the “jack-o’-lantern” we use today. Like many tall tales, the story of Stingy Jack was used to explain the unexplainable; in this case, ignis fatuus, aka false fire or marsh gas. We now know that methane created by decaying plants in swamps and marshes can spontaneously ignite, but in centuries past, sudden bursts of ignis fatuus throughout the British Isles would have been considered supernatural events — and used to warn of the perils of bad behavior.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by TCD/Prod.DB/ Alamy Stock Photo

You’d be forgiven for failing to notice some of The Shining’s more intricate details, since there’s a good chance you were covering your eyes with your hands the first time you watched it. Those details really do add to the experience of Stanley Kubrick’s 1980 horror classic, however, including the fact that the color red appears in nearly every shot. Some of these appearances are obvious — that famous scene of blood pouring out of the elevator, the red-walled men’s room where Jack Torrance (Jack Nicholson) freshens up — but many are quite subtle. Did you ever notice, for example, that the darts young Danny (Danny Lloyd) plays with are red, or that a book placed on a table in the opening scene and the dress Wendy (Shelley Duvall) wears are red as well?

Stephen King loved Kubrick’s adaptation.

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King was actually “deeply disappointed” with the take on his 1977 novel, despite admiring Kubrick. He told “Playboy” in a 1983 interview that “parts of the film are chilling, charged with a relentlessly claustrophobic terror, but others fell flat.”

According to one analysis, the inclusion of the scarlet hue is meant to be a visual nod to Jack’s deteriorating mental condition as the Overlook Hotel takes hold of him. It’s just one reason The Shining has been the target of so much theorizing on the part of academics and fans alike; there’s even a documentary devoted to unpacking ideas about the film, called Room 237. Some of the theories are more outlandish than others — the idea that Kubrick used The Shining to confess to helping NASA fake the moon landing is pretty out-there — while others are just strange enough to feel at home in the Overlook.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Tons of salt and styrofoam used for the “snow” in the final scene of “The Shining”
900
Years it took to make “The Shining”
5
Retakes of the “shine” scene between Dick Hallorann and Danny Torrance
148
The film’s place on the British Film Institute’s list of the greatest films of all time
88

The famous line “______” from “The Shining” was improvised.

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The famous line “Heeere’s Johnny!” from “The Shining” was improvised.

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The interior of the Overlook Hotel doesn’t make any sense.

Stanley Kubrick was perhaps the most meticulous filmmaker of all time, with every detail carefully planned and many scenes requiring dozens of takes to get perfect. So while it might seem like a mistake that the Overlook Hotel’s interior is deeply odd — not everything lines up and aspects of it are spatially impossible — that was as deliberate as everything else about the film. “The interiors don’t make sense,” Jan Harlan, one of the film’s executive producers, said in 2012. “Those huge corridors and ballrooms couldn’t fit inside. In fact, nothing makes sense.” The Overlook Hotel was inspired by the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado, where Stephen King was staying when the idea came to him. Oregon’s Timberline Lodge was used for the exteriors, and interior scenes were filmed just outside of London at Elstree Studios. Yet the hotel in the film is something else entirely — and exists only as a product of Kubrick’s imagination.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by one AND only/ Shutterstock

The cultural impact of the Brothers Grimm fairy tales, originally published in 1812 as Kinder- und Hausmärchen, or Nursery and Household Tales, is hard to overstate. Two centuries after its publication, the tales have been the creative backbone for hundreds (or even thousands) of films, TV shows, plays, and works of art — whether as direct adaptations or loose inspirations. But while you’re probably familiar with stories such as “Little Red Riding Hood,” “Rumplestiltskin,” and “Sleeping Beauty,” you may not know that German linguists Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm didn’t actually create the narratives themselves. Instead, they compiled tales that had been passed down through the oral tradition, some for perhaps millennia. The two brothers began interviewing family and friends to collect the tales while they were still teenagers studying at the University of Marburg. After publishing their first collection of 86 tales, the brothers delivered a second edition three years later with an additional 70 tales. The seventh and final edition in 1857 featured 211 tales.

In the Brothers Grimm’s “Cinderella,” the fairy godmother character is a tree.

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While almost everyone is familiar with the fairy godmother in Disney’s “Cinderella,” she never appears in the Grimms’ version. Instead, she is replaced by a tree that’s been planted on Cinderella’s mother’s grave. Many cultures around the world have some version of the Cinderella story.

Originally, the stories weren’t meant for children — many were violent, sexual, or otherwise R-rated. Instead, the Grimms intended for the tales to be an excavation of cultural heritage, and they first introduced them as scholarly work. But as literacy rates climbed in the 19th century, subsequent editions edited out a lot of the original tales’ brutality in order to appeal to wider audiences, especially children. Today, many kids become acquainted with the Grimms’ fairy tales through Walt Disney, who used the stories as far back as 1922 for some of his earliest animations. But Disney is far from the only one inspired by the Grimms — more recently, their work has provided the narrative fuel for Stephen Sondheim’s musical Into the Woods, Shelley Duvall’s Faerie Tale Theatre TV series, 2020’s fantasy-horror film Gretel & Hansel, and NBC’s aptly named television show Grimm, to name just a few folklore-filled examples.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Approximate number of language and dialect translations of Grimm’s fairy tales
160
Number of 1988 Tony Awards won by Stephen Sondheim’s “Into the Woods”
3
Year Disney released “Tangled,” based on the Brothers Grimm’s Rapunzel
2010
Number of episodes of the TV show “Grimm,” a fantasy police procedural based on Grimm fairy tales
123

Disney’s first full-length animated film, “______,” is based on a Grimm tale.

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Disney’s first full-length animated film, “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” is based on a Grimm tale.

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The Brothers Grimm’s other great work was a German dictionary.

While history remembers them as saviors of the folktale, in their own time the Brothers Grimm were widely respected medievalist scholars and German linguists. In fact, they were so respected that the predictable patterns of phonetic changes from Proto-Indo-European language (the theorized common ancestor of all modern languages) to Germanic tongues are now known as “Grimm’s Law.” But their most ambitious work was creating Deutsches Wörterbuch (“The German Dictionary”), which they began working on in 1838. Originally estimating that it would be only four volumes long, Jacob eventually revised that number to seven and thought they’d need about 10 years to complete it. Instead, it took more than a century for all 32 volumes to finally appear in print — the last in 1961. Of course, the Brothers Grimm didn’t live to see the end of their ambitious project. When Jacob Grimm died in 1863, four years after his brother Wilhelm, he had only finished up to the letter “F.” His final word was frucht, meaning “fruit.”

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Interesting Facts

Modern contact lenses are made of plastic, using various high-tech polymers that allow oxygen to flow through and reach the cornea. But that hasn’t always been the case: The first usable contact lenses were made of regular ol’ glass. 

The basic concept of contact lenses can be traced all the way back to Leonardo da Vinci, who described a method of vision correction that involved wearing a water-filled glass hemisphere over the eye. Though highly impractical, the concept was similar to a modern contact lens. Centuries later, in 1801, the British polymath Thomas Young created a contact lens prototype made of glass and filled with water based on another theoretical idea posited in 1637 by the philosopher and scientist René Descartes.

The first dual-lens eyeglasses were invented by a monk in 1158 CE.

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It’s hard to say who invented glasses, as the development of corrective lenses was a gradual progression rather than a single aha moment. Evidence of optical lens use dates back as far as the ancient world, while modern reading glasses were likely developed in 13th-century Italy.

The true breakthroughs began in the 1880s, when new glass production technologies allowed for more precise cutting and shaping, making thin lenses possible for the first time. In the same decade, glass contact lenses that actually allowed the wearer to blink were independently invented by Adolf Fick, Louis J. Girard, Eugene Kalt, and August Mueller, making it hard to pinpoint who gets the credit for producing the first practical — albeit imperfect — contact lenses. 

Those early glass contact lenses were far from ideal; they were heavy and uncomfortable, and being made of glass posed a major problem. Unlike other organs in our bodies, which are oxygenated by the blood, our eyes get their oxygen directly from the air — so covering them with glass suffocates them, causing severe eye pain after a few hours. 

Nonetheless, glass lenses were the only option for at least a half-century after their creation. The next great leap forward came in the 1930s, when inventors Theodore Obrig and William Feinbloom began developing plastic lenses made from acrylic resin. Eventually, plastic lenses, which were safer and could be worn for much longer without discomfort, consigned their glass ancestors to the annals of optical history.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Americans who wear contact lenses
45 million
Eyes a scallop can have
200
Diameter (in feet) of the world’s largest lens, part of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s LSST Camera
5.1
Glass bottles thrown away every day in the U.S.
110 million

One of history’s most intriguing “lost inventions” is ______, supposedly invented in ancient Rome.

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One of history’s most intriguing “lost inventions” is flexible glass, supposedly invented in ancient Rome.

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Animals can also wear contact lenses.

Vets increasingly use soft contact lenses to protect the eyes of our pets, including dogs, cats, and even horses — but this isn’t typically done for vision correction. Instead, vets use therapeutic bandage contact lenses (BCLs) to help heal corneal ulcers or deep scratches by keeping the eye moist and preventing friction from the eyelids.

But in some cases, pets are fitted with contact lenses to help them see. Take Ernest, for example, a 15-year-old cat who suffered from entropion (an inward rolling of the eyelids, causing inflammation and sight problems). In 2008, rather than having to undergo a risky operation, he was fitted with contact lenses that gave the previously squinty kitty a whole new lease on life.

And pets aren’t the only animals that can benefit from lenses. In the same year Ernest got his contacts, a German company developed a special type of lens for animals both big and small. Known as acrylic intraocular lenses, they’re permanently implanted inside an animal’s eyes when its vision has clouded to the point of total impairment, normally due to cataracts. Since its launch, the firm has developed lenses for a sea lion with severely blurry vision, a blind kangaroo, and a visually impaired lioness.

Tony Dunnell
Writer

Tony is an English writer of nonfiction and fiction living on the edge of the Amazon jungle.

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English words today come from a variety of languages, originating from Greek, French, Latin, and many others. But perhaps the most important of them all is German, whose words form the backbone of English. That’s why English is considered a Germanic language, as opposed to a Romance language like French (although English also shares a considerable number of similarities with French, thanks to the Normans). Taking a look at the most commonly written words in English around the world, as compiled by the Oxford English Dictionary, illustrates German’s indelible influence.

The U.N. has three official languages.

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The U.N. has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. Document are typically issued in all six languages, and each has its own “Language Day” at the United Nations to promote multilingualism.

At the top of the list of the most common written words is, unsurprisingly, “the,” related to German’s gendered der, die, and das. Germanic function words, such as “and,” “but,” and “that,” pepper the rest of the list. English’s most-written noun (“time”), verb (“be”), and adjective (“good”) are also Germanic in origin. Today, English borrows liberally for its vocabulary — scholars estimate that words from more than 350 languages have entered English — but the roots of its linguistic tree are considered Western Germanic. English speakers are far from alone: Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian (spoken in parts of the Netherlands and Germany), Yiddish, and of course German also developed from the same West Germanic roots. In total, these tongues are spoken as primary languages by about 450 million people throughout the world.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Rough estimate of the number of words in English
1 million
Estimated number of words William Shakespeare added to English
1,700
Approximate number of Indo-European languages, including German and English
440
Number of words in current use in the 2nd Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (1989)
171,476

The last word in the Oxford English Dictionary is ______, a genus of South American weevil.

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The last word in the Oxford English Dictionary is zyzzyva, a genus of South American weevil.

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English has more than twice as many non-native speakers as native ones.

English is one of the most universal languages in human history, thanks to the former expanse of the British empire, the dominance of the U.S. post-World War II, and other factors. It’s because of this ubiquity that it has the strange distinction of having more than twice as many non-native speakers (1.1 billion) as native ones (380 million). When factoring in both of these numbers, English has (just barely) more speakers than Mandarin, which has 929 million native speakers — by far the most in the world — but only 198 million non-native speakers. In total, English is spoken by 1.5 billion speakers around the world, compared to Mandarin’s 1.1 billion.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by CraigRJD/ iStock

Earth is home to a staggering number of creatures: By one estimate, more than 8.7 million species of plants and animals live on its lands and in its waters. Mammals, however, make up a small fraction of that number — just 6,495 species. If you’re wondering which warm-blooded animals are most numerous, glance to the night sky. That’s where you’ll probably find bats, which account for 21% of all the mammals in the world. 

All bats hang upside-down.

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Bats are known for their trademark ability to roost upside-down, which helps them launch into flight at a moment’s notice. But not every bat has this dizzying ability — six species use suction pads on their limbs that let them attach to leaves and branches and snooze in other positions.

The bat family boasts amazing diversity. The tiny bumblebee bat (only about an inch big) is the world’s smallest mammal, while the flying fox bat has a 5-foot wingspan. Scientists classify these mostly nocturnal creatures into two categories: microbats and megabats. Microbats are generally smaller, nighttime flyers that rely on echolocation to hunt insects, whereas megabats are often much larger, and some of them hunt in the daytime. Megabats primarily live in the tropics, where they use their larger eyes and better olfactory senses in place of echolocation to locate fruit for their meals. 

Bats have been around for more than 50 million years, which helps explain why they’re such a fine-tuned part of our ecosystem. Nectar-eating bats are master pollinators of more than 500 plant species (including cacao for chocolate and agave for tequila), thanks to their ability to fly and transport pollen further than bees. They’re also nature’s bug zappers, keeping mosquito, moth, and beetle populations in check. The flying insect hunters are so effective — eating half their body weight in bugs each night — that scientists credit them with saving U.S. farmers $1 billion in pesticides and crop damage each year. Bats even help combat deforestation by dropping seeds over barren areas: Bat-dropped seeds can account for up to 95% of regrowth in cleared forests in tropical areas, a huge accomplishment for such small creatures.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Total number of known bat species
1,386
Species of blood-drinking vampire bats
3
Age of the longest-living bat (double the average lifespan)
41
Year the first Batman comic book hit newsstands
1939

The world’s largest bat colony lives in a cave near ______.

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The world’s largest bat colony lives in a cave near San Antonio, Texas.

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Vampire bats create close friendships.

Vampire bats are at best feared and at worst maligned as sinister predators, but chiropterologists (scientists who study bats) believe Desmodus rotundus are actually incredibly social animals that survive thanks to their selective, long-term friendships. Vampire bats, which live in Mexico, Central America, and South America, have genetic mutations that separate them from their fruit- and bug-eating brethren, affecting how they taste and digest their food. They only survive on blood (usually from livestock and birds), and consume nearly 1.4 times their body weight per meal to get the nutrients they need. But blood isn’t always readily available, which puts vampire bats at risk of starvation, especially since they must eat every 48 hours or so. Researchers think this could be why these flying mammals have learned to share food with family members, regurgitating the substance in a manner similar to how birds feed their young. But vampire bats will also help roost-mates they have close, nonfamilial relationships with — and those bats remember and return the favor, creating a long-term bond that increases both animals’ odds of survival. Researchers say watching these high-flying friendships develop can help us better understand how other social species (like humans) bond, too.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.