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While the teddy bear has been cherished by generations of children since the early 20th century, its designation as Mississippi's state toy has more to do with the stuffed animal's origins than any particularly special affection lingering in the hearts of Magnolia State residents. 

In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt went on a bear hunting trip near Onward, Mississippi, but had very little luck bagging a big game trophy. Nevertheless, the Rough Rider wasn't one to take the easy way out, and his refusal to shoot a captured black bear became national news by way of a Clifford Berryman cartoon in The Washington Post. From there, a Brooklyn candy shop owner began mass marketing "Teddy's Bear." Stuffed bears designed by the German doll company Steiff also helped make the plush toy a hot item in the United States. 

Every U.S. state has at least one official song.

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New Jersey is the lone state without a song. Although Jersey-born songwriter Red Mascara’s ditty "I'm From New Jersey" was approved for the purpose by the state Legislature in 1972, Governor William Cahill pronounced his dislike for the song and vetoed the bill.

Fast-forward a century later, when longtime Mississippi teacher and librarian Sarah Doxey-Tate set about drumming up formal recognition of the teddy bear as the state toy to celebrate the centennial of President Roosevelt's hunting trip and his conservationist principles. The cause was taken up by legions of letter-writing schoolchildren and Representative Steve Holland, who introduced a bill in January 2002 in the Mississippi Legislature to honor the teddy. The bill passed the House in unanimous fashion, and while two state senators were grumpy enough to give a thumbs-down, there was no slowing the momentum that propelled the snuggly stuffed bear to the status of official state toy that March.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Estimated number of bears in Mississippi
150
Rough length (in feet) of the world’s largest teddy bear
63
National parks created during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency
5
Bills drafted in the Mississippi Legislature in 2019
2,876

A person who loves teddy bears is known as an ______.

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A person who loves teddy bears is known as an arctophile.

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Maryland's official state sport is jousting.

Officials tend to go with a choice reflective of the region when it comes to declaring a state food, flower, or animal — so how did Maryland wind up with the medieval pastime of jousting as its state sport? Jousting apparently made the transatlantic leap soon after the colony of Maryland began in 1634, but its staying power is in large part due to the tournaments that served as fundraisers in farming communities after the Civil War. Established as the state sport in 1962, jousting remains the focus of regional clubs and exhibitions, although competitions now take the form of using a lance to snare dangling rings instead of goring opponents. Meanwhile, residents who aren’t inclined to climb on a horse can exhibit their state pride by partaking in other activities: Lacrosse was named the official team sport in 2004, reflecting the success of Maryland schools like Johns Hopkins University, while walking became the state’s official exercise in 2008.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

Original photo by Resource Database/ Unsplash+

Cabbage. Scratch. Dough. Americans have used many creative nicknames for dollar bills over the past two centuries, though one of the more technical terms — “paper money” — could be considered just as misleading. Turns out, U.S. dollars are made not from paper, but instead from a fiber blend of 75% cotton and 25% linen. This water-resistant, durable material can hold up to far more wear and tear than actual wood-pulp paper could. While a dollar can be torn with intentional force, it would take an estimated 4,000 repetitive folds in the same spot to cause a tear. American dollars also include red and blue synthetic fibers, which are woven into the material and included to make counterfeiting more difficult.

U.S. dollar bills have always been green.

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Green ink on U.S. bills emerged during the Civil War, a move that made it more difficult for counterfeiters to reproduce bogus bucks through (black and white) photography.

Despite its strength, no dollar bill lasts forever. The Federal Reserve generally allows cash to continue circulating regardless of age, so long as it’s in great shape — free from tears, holes, and writing, and still legible. However, all bills have an expected lifespan based on denomination. Smaller bills typically see more frequent use and wear out faster, with $5 bills having the shortest life at just 4.7 years and $1 notes lasting around 6.6 years. After being removed from circulation, threadbare bills are shredded and move on to a new purpose: 90% of destroyed dollars are used to make potting soil, compost, and construction materials like cement.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Denominations available in U.S. paper currency
7
U.S. states in the “Cotton Belt,” stretching from coast to coast
17
Number of $100 bills that can be made from one bale of cotton
313,600
Estimated number of $2 bills still in circulation
1.4 billion

Early U.S. pennies used the motto “Mind Your Business,” a phrase popularized by ______.

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Early U.S. pennies used the motto “Mind Your Business,” a phrase popularized by Benjamin Franklin.

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No living person can have their picture printed on U.S. currency.

The portraits on U.S. currency have traditionally depicted the country’s presidents and founding leaders, though at one time an employee of the federal government put his own face on a paper bill. Spencer Clark served as the superintendent of the National Currency Bureau during the 1860s, a time when the U.S. Treasury temporarily printed paper bills for small denominations under $1 during a coin shortage. Historians are unsure exactly how Clark’s face wound up on the 5-cent note, though one possible explanation is that the bill was supposed to feature William Clark, half of the famous Lewis and Clark exploring duo. However, an alleged miscommunication led Spencer Clark to instead authorize his own image to be printed. Congress was outraged — especially considering Clark’s poor reputation, stemming from prior accusations of fraud and unprofessional conduct — and moved to ensure no other person could commit a similar act. In 1866, Congress passed a law that allows only deceased people to appear on the country’s currency.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by Cavan Images/ Alamy Stock Photo

To be a snowman is to live a life of extreme impermanence. During the coldest parts of the season, these snowy beings take shape on lawns across the world, but by the spring, they’re all but forgotten. However, one snowperson avoided this date with oblivion by entering the history books as the tallest snowman, or rather snowwoman, ever made. Built with 13 million pounds of snow in 2008 in Bethel, Maine, the 122-foot-tall snowwoman was named Olympia in honor of the state’s U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe. “I have to say I’ve joked that it’s just my luck I’d have a world record-breaking monument named after me and it will be gone by summer,” Snowe said at the time.

The first evidence of snowmen dates to the 19th century.

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The earliest evidence of snowmen comes from the Middle Ages. A sketch of a snowman from 1380 was found in the Book of Hours, a Christian prayer book, in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, Netherlands.

Bethel residents needed to greatly exaggerate a snowperson’s usually quaint features to complete their creation. In this case, Olympia’s smile was made from car tires, each of her arms was a 25-foot-long spruce tree, and her red stocking cap was 20 feet in diameter and hand-knit by middle school students. Oh, and those lovely eyelashes? Alpine skis. 

Bethel previously earned the title of world’s tallest snowman when the town constructed the 113-foot-tall Angus (named after then-governor of Maine Angus King) in 1999. But Olympia surpassed her forebear, and still holds the Guinness record for the world’s tallest snowperson at the time of writing. However, the record may not hold for long. In 2020, a snowman in Austria surpassed Olympia’s height — though its extremely tall stovepipe hat did a lot of the work, and the structure has yet to be officially recognized on the Guinness website. Future challengers to Olympia’s crown may one day require the town of Bethel to again gather and build a snowperson to remember.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

First year of Japan’s Sapporo Snow Festival, one of the largest winter festivals in the world
1950
Number of participants in the world’s largest snowball fight (Saskatchewan, Canada, in 2016)
7,681
Size (in millimeters) of the world’s smallest snowman, created in Ontario, Canada
0.003
Running time (in minutes) of the 1969 “Frosty the Snowman” television special
25

“Frosty the Snowman” was first recorded in 1950 by country singer ______.

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“Frosty the Snowman” was first recorded in 1950 by country singer Gene Autry.

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A suburb of Quebec City is home to the only ice hotel in North America.

The Hôtel de Glace, or Ice Hotel, first built in 2001, lasts for only three months out of the year (January through March) when the temperatures in Quebec, Canada, are at their coldest. Every year, a team of about 50 people — both workers and sculptors — labors for six weeks to (re)build the snowy abode in a suburb of Quebec City called Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier. The Ice Hotel isn’t just some roadside igloo — the structure takes 500 tons of ice and 30,000 tons of snow to complete its usual 44 rooms (though during the COVID-19 pandemic the hotel was much smaller). The hotel costs hundreds of dollars per person per night, and it’s not exactly comfortable. Because the structure is made entirely of snow and ice, the interior is kept at a frigid 25 degrees Fahrenheit (the bathrooms, however, are heated). Luckily, you don’t necessarily have to shell out that much cash just to experience the hotel, as guided tours are also available.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Apple_Martini/ Shutterstock

In 1964, New Hampshire unveiled a statewide lottery, which remains the oldest legal lottery in the U.S. While 44 additional states have since debuted lottos of their own, there are still five states where playing the lottery is illegal: Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah.

For Alabama and Utah, the anti-lottery stance has religious roots, as some influential church leaders believe gambling to be sinful behavior. Back in 1998, incoming Alabama Governor Don Siegelman voiced his support for a statewide lotto to help raise funds for education — but that idea was struck down by voters in a 1999 referendum, an outcome that is largely attributed to vocal opposition from church groups. In Utah, an estimated 42% of the population is Mormon, a religious ideology opposed to gambling. Due to these demographics, the pro-lottery movement in Utah has made little progress.

The world’s first modern state-run lottery was in Belgium.

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While there are traces of lotteries in ancient history, the first documented national lottery with characteristics similar to present-day lottos was in Bruges, Belgium, in 1441. The oldest continuously operating state lottery is in the Netherlands, where the Staatsloterij has run since 1726.

According to an article from Alaska’s News Source, Alaskan lawmakers worry instituting a lottery would “have some negative impact on current state-regulated charitable gaming activities,” which help support many local nonprofits. As for Hawaii, there are concerns that the lottery may disproportionately affect poor communities and encourage addiction, which is why it’s still illegal despite widespread public support. Then there’s Nevada, which instituted a ban on selling lottery tickets when its state constitution was written back in 1864. That provision is still in place today and is likely to stay due to the Silver State’s powerful casino lobby, which considers the state lottery competition and opposes any efforts to make it legal.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Largest national jackpot ever won
$2.05 billion
Odds of winning the Powerball jackpot
1:292,200,000
Year Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” was published
1948
States where lottery jackpot winners can remain anonymous
16

The first English monarch to hold a state lottery was ______.

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The first English monarch to hold a state lottery was Elizabeth I.

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A Romanian economist won the lottery 14 times.

Stefan Mandel is a statistical genius who won the lottery an astonishing 14 times, all due to his clever strategy: printing tickets at home and then buying them in bulk. Mandel figured out that in order to win, you had to calculate every possible number combination and then raise enough cash to buy millions of tickets with those numbers. Once he’d secured the money, Mandel printed the tickets and delivered them to authorized lottery vendors for purchase, after which he waited until his winning number was inevitably called.

After winning multiple jackpots in Romania and Australia, Mandel set his sights on the Virginia state lottery in 1992. He established the International Lotto Fund and gathered money from 2,560 investors, then hired 16 employees to print millions of tickets. In the end, Mandel found himself in possession of a winning ticket worth $27,036,142 (around $60 million today). While he was later subject to several investigations, he was found to have committed no legal wrongdoing and was ultimately awarded the money he won.

Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer

Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Optimism Media, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.

Original photo by Thorsten Schmitt/ Shutterstock

Humans have a few biological advantages compared to other species. The most obvious is our big brains, which have empowered us to become the dominant species on Earth. But another feature that is often overlooked is our chins — yes, we’re the only animals on Earth with true chins. You might be thinking, “Wait a minute, I give my cat chin scratches all the time,” or “Surely chimpanzees, our closest animal cousin, sport some kind of chimp chin,” and the answer is nope and nope (respectively). When you’re scratching the “chin” of your feline companion, what you’re really doing is scratching the mandible, i.e., the lower part of the jaw — not the chin, which is the bony part that juts out at the bottom of your face. Elephants and manatees also have chinlike protrusions in their lower jaws, but they don’t quite qualify as true chins.

William Shakespeare originated the phrase “take it on the chin.”

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William Shakespeare is the progenitor of some 1,700 words, but the phrase “take it on the chin” originates from the world of boxing, a sport where the phrase essentially describes the entire profession.

The mystery of why no other animal has a real chin gets even more interesting because past human species, such as Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis, didn’t have chins either — instead, their faces simply ended in a flat plane. So why did evolution find the need for human chins? Scientists aren’t exactly sure. The most prominent theory is that chins help humans chew, but scientists from Duke University and the University of Florida found that chins aren’t actually much help there; they technically make chewing more difficult, as they reinforce the wrong part of the face for aiding mastication. Chins also don’t help much with human speech, which is another theory that’s been suggested, and researchers say it’s unlikely they’re a mere product of sexual selection or a protection against violence, such as punching. Some scientists think the chin might be a spandrel, a byproduct of other evolutionary changes that on its own serves no real purpose — basically, a happy accident. We may never truly know exactly why humans have these extra bony bits on the ends of our faces, but keep your chin up. After all, you’re the only species that can.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Average strength (in pounds per square inch) of the human bite
162
Duration (in seconds) of the world’s longest chin stand (1:44:25)
6,265
Years ago the human chin began to form in our ancestors
80,000
Chromosome number containing genetic marker rs11684042, which may indicate the presence of a cleft chin
2

The scientific name for the chin is the ______.

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The scientific name for the chin is the mentum osseum.

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Scientists aren’t exactly sure about the biological reason for beards.

If you’re a practicing pogonophile (aka a lover of beards), you may not be too concerned about the reasons behind the time-honored art of beard-growing. However, scientists like to get at the why of things. While hair on our head protects us from the sun, body hair aids in thermoregulation, and hair below the belt protects against bacteria, beards have no known specific biological function. Some scientists have argued that facial hair could aid in protecting the body against ingesting harmful bacteria, but then it’d be likely that women would have evolved to have beards as well. Instead, some evolutionary biologists theorize that beards act as a tool for intersexual attraction regarding women and intrasexual competition with men. In other words, beards subconsciously message virility to women and formidability to men. But as fashion goes, beard popularity trends come and go, and studies show that attraction is often influenced by “negative frequency depen­dence,” meaning if everyone has a beard, preference for clean-shaven faces increases (the opposite is also true). So, just as the beautiful plumage of a male bird is merely a color display to impress a feathered female while intimidating the competition, beards (or a lack thereof) may be a man’s own form of peacock posturing.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by halbergman/ iStock

Anyone familiar with the Great Lakes can tell you there are five of them: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. But actually, there aren’t, quite. Lakes Michigan and Huron are technically one body of water, as the Straits of Mackinac connect them to form a single hydrologic system. At 3.5 miles wide and just 295 feet deep at its deepest point, the waterway is easy to miss on a map when studying the whole system of Great Lakes. The lakes span a total of 94,250 square miles across eight U.S. states (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin), plus Ontario, Canada.

Only one Great Lake lies entirely within the U.S.

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Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that doesn’t reach into Canada. Despite its name, parts of it also border Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana.

When taken together, Lake Michigan-Huron is the world’s largest freshwater lake by area. Even the smallest Great Lake, Ontario, is still the 13th-largest lake in the world. More than 90% of America’s surface fresh water is found in the Great Lakes, which are the primary water source for some 40 million people as well as the largest freshwater system in the world.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Jobs created by the Great Lakes
1.5 million
U.S. states in the Great Lakes region
8
Estimated age (in years) of Lake Erie
10,000
Percentage of the world’s fresh water in the Great Lakes
20%

The largest of the Great Lakes is ______.

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The largest of the Great Lakes is Lake Superior.

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Lake Michigan has its own Bermuda Triangle.

Tales of the Bermuda Triangle have unsettled and mystified travelers for decades, but less well known is the Lake Michigan Triangle, whose three points touch two cities in Michigan (Ludington and Benton Harbor) and one in Wisconsin (Manitowoc). It was first mentioned in the 1977 book The Great Lakes Triangle, which claims the Great Lakes “account for more unexplained disappearances per unit area than the Bermuda Triangle.” This includes a number of disappearances, shipwrecks, and plane crashes that have occurred in the Great Lakes, with Northwest Airlines Flight 2501 being among the most notable (and inexplicable). Everything from the Great Lakes’ strange size to electromagnetic oddities have been cited as theories for these strange phenomena, whose true nature will likely be debated for some time to come.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Hector John Periquin/ Unsplash

Earning the right to call yourself a pirate once meant living a rough-and-tumble life on the seas, robbing ships, and dodging naval law. However, modern swashbucklers enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have a much easier go of it. Students who attend the esteemed university can earn a certificate in piracy by completing four classes — sailing, fencing, pistol shooting, and archery — and then taking the school’s secret pirate oath. 

Most pirates buried their treasure.

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Most pirate plunder included goods like furs, fabrics, spices, and medicine — more valuable for trading or selling than hiding. Burying loot was a dangerous gamble many pirates avoided, for fear of losing their treasures to shifting sands, changing times, and double-crossing crews.

MIT began offering the optional certificate in 2012 as a way for students to enjoy fulfilling the school’s physical education requirements, though the idea also stems from a decades-long joke. Campus lore claims that students who completed the four courses began calling themselves pirates in jest sometime between the late 1990s and early 2000s, though it took years for the school to make the campus caper into an official award. (At one point during the program’s creation, receiving a commemorative eye patch was up for consideration in place of a formal certificate.) Today, MIT’s Department of Athletics, Physical Education, and Recreation issues the awards, and the school — which traditionally abstains from giving out honorary degrees — has even bestowed a pirate certificate upon actor Matt Damon for his “swashbuckling appreciation for science, engineering, and space exploration.” However, the university maintains that the program is all in good fun — the pirate certificate doesn’t actually give students license to engage in any pirate-y business.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Ships commanded by female pirate Ching Shih, the most in pirate history
1,800
Year Disneyland opened its Pirates of the Caribbean ride
1967
First-time applicants to MIT in 2023; only 4.8% are admitted
26,914
Books housed in MIT’s campus libraries as of 2021
3 million+

The world’s only authenticated pirate shipwreck, the Whydah Gally, was found off the coast of ______.

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The world’s only authenticated pirate shipwreck, the Whydah Gally, was found off the coast of Cape Cod.

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Blackbeard’s time as a pirate lasted just two years.

One of history’s most notorious pirates has a legacy that’s lasted hundreds of years longer than his actual pirating career. Edward Teach, aka Blackbeard, began his time at sea in the early 1700s, originally sailing as a British privateer during the War of the Spanish Succession. The job, which included stealing from Spanish ships on behalf of the British government, introduced the future pirate to the unscrupulous profession. By 1716, Teach had become captain of his own ship, and rumors quickly spread about his ruthless thefts on both land and sea. However, Blackbeard’s seafaring ended in November 1718 when forces directed by Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood ambushed him on North Carolina’s Ocracoke Island, ultimately cutting short his life and ending his career after two years.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by CHENG FENG CHIANG/ iStock

Niagara Falls is one of the world’s great ecological wonders, dumping a rush of 3,160 tons of water over its crest every second. That’s likely why more than 100,000 people showed up to see part of the waterfall suddenly run dry in 1969 — a feat that was orchestrated not by nature, but by engineers.

Niagara Falls consists of three waterfalls: Horseshoe Falls (the largest), Bridal Veil Falls (the smallest), and American Falls, which today stands 190 feet tall. But major rock falls in 1931 and 1954 shortened the American Falls’ drop by nearly half, threatening its structural stability. So in June 1969, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers “dewatered” the massive cataract in an attempt to survey its sturdiness and give crews an opportunity to remove the enormous rock pile sitting below (although that plan was later abandoned due to cost concerns). Temporary cofferdams were built above the American Falls, diverting water to the other two drop-offs and effectively drying out the waterfall for months. 

Niagara Falls is the world’s tallest waterfall.

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Despite its massive size, Niagara Falls isn’t the world’s tallest waterfall. That title belongs to Angel Falls, located in eastern Venezuela. The South American waterfall, situated deep in Canaima National Park, stands 3,212 feet tall.

Seeing the underlying rocky riverbed was a rare sight; onlookers hadn’t seen the bare crest since March 1848, when an ice dam on the Niagara River curtailed the watery curtain. This time, scientists used the water shutoff to map the waterfall’s face, collect core samples, and install water pressure monitors. Work at the site was completed in five months, and by November 1969, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers removed its dam, unveiling a restored waterfall to a surge of visitors.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Length (in miles) of the Niagara River, connecting Lake Erie with Lake Ontario
36
Year the Maid of the Mist, a touring steamboat, made its maiden voyage below Niagara Falls
1846
Year Annie Edson Taylor went over the falls in a barrel, the first person to survive such a stunt
1901
Estimated remaining lifespan (in years) of Niagara Falls, which will eventually stop flowing due to erosion
50,000

______, the islet atop Niagara Falls, is named for a herd of animals that grazed there in 1780.

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Goat Island, the islet atop Niagara Falls, is named for a herd of animals that grazed there in 1780.

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A vice president’s daughter helped popularize honeymooning at Niagara Falls.

Today’s newlyweds often look to tropical destinations for a post-wedding getaway, though at one time, the ultimate honeymoon spot was in upstate New York. For decades, Niagara Falls was considered the “honeymoon capital of the world.” The fact that the massive waterfall had such a draw for lovers has to do with its early history of attracting high-profile couples. Historians point particularly to Theodosia Burr Alston, daughter of third Vice President Aaron Burr (arguably best known for his infamous duel with Alexander Hamilton). Theodosia and her new husband, Joseph Alston, visited the spot in 1801 after their nuptials; a few years later, Niagara Falls received another publicized visit from Jerome Bonaparte (brother to Napoleon) and his bride, Elizabeth Patterson. With the help of easy railroad access and a community that catered to tourism, Niagara Falls reached its peak popularity as a honeymoon destination in the 1950s, but the tradition hasn’t entirely faded. Newlyweds who visit today receive certificates signed by the mayor of Niagara Falls to commemorate their honeymoon choice.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by Peter Porrini/ Shutterstock

The human skeleton is sometimes called the scaffolding of the body, and the name is apt because, like scaffolding, our bones are less permanent than you might think. Human bones grow in a process known as modeling, and once a person reaches adulthood, the skeleton system refreshes itself in a process known as remodeling. During remodeling, certain cells in the body break down bone and funnel its minerals into the bloodstream, while other cells build healthy bone back up. Every year, the body replaces around 10% of bone via remodeling, which means we get an entirely new skeleton about every 10 years.

Your skin is replaced every 10 years.

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The human epidermis, the largest organ in the body, replaces itself at a much faster rate than every 10 years. In fact, skin doesn’t even last a month; the cells that make up the epidermis are replaced about every 27 days. (Hope you don’t mind dusting.)

Bone remodeling is just one of the ways in which our bodies are in a constant process of regeneration. Human hair is replaced every two to seven years (and around 100 hairs fall out of our heads every day), fingernails take about six months to replace, and our intestinal lining — constantly under assault from digestive acids — regenerates every week (or less). One of the most dramatic examples of regeneration is the production of red blood cells; the body creates upwards of 3 million of them every second, and totally refreshes these cells every four months. 

Does all this rejuvenation mean that humans are essentially a walking, talking Theseus’ paradox? This philosophical question, first proposed by Greek philosopher Plutarch, ponders whether something that slowly replaces itself is still the original object or something new. However, there are a few things in the human body that remain the same. Parts of our heart stick with us forever, and we’re born with most of our brain’s neurons. Also, our teeth can’t regenerate once grown, and the core that makes up the lens of our eye forms during prenatal development and never changes. So while many things in our body do change, some stay the same — meaning that humans are always a mix of both the new and the old.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Estimated percentage of the animal kingdom that has an internal skeleton
5%
Age (in years) of the oldest known Homo sapiens skeleton, found in a Moroccan mine in 2017
300,000
Number of human bones (out of 206) that aren’t connected to another bone (the hyoid)
1
Annual number of bone fractures that occur each year in the U.S.
6.3 million

The cells that heal and form bones are known as ______.

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The cells that heal and form bones are known as osteoblasts.

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Scientists once thought dinosaur fossils belonged to giant humans.

Around 1677, English naturalist Robert Plot discovered a dinosaur fossil nearly a century and a half before science knew what a “dinosaur” was. Analyzing a femur that belonged to what we know today to be a megalosaurus, Plot suspected that it might be an elephant bone, before ultimately theorizing that it had belonged to a giant human. For more than a century, naturalists like Plot attempted to describe dinosaur fossils as belonging to giant versions of animals that existed on Earth, including humans. It wasn’t until 1824 that scientists identified Plot’s bones as belonging to a giant lizard they named megalosaurus. As a result, the first dinosaur was named before scientists even knew these creatures existed. Finally, in 1842, the word “dinosauria,” meaning “terrible lizard” in Greek, officially entered the lexicon, and humanity’s perception of Earth history changed with it.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Daniel Andraski/ Pexels

Some love it and some hate it, but few know what causes it. “New car smell” is a familiar scent to anyone who’s ever sat in a car fresh from the lot, and many consider it an olfactory perk of the car-shopping experience. This distinctive aroma is caused by a chemical process known as off-gassing, which is just what it sounds like: chemicals being released into the air from all that leather, plastic, and various other interior materials. Many of these are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and benzene, which release a potent scent.

Dogs have the strongest sense of smell of any animal.

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It's a fib

Per a 2014 study, elephants put their noses — the largest in the world — to better use than any other creature on Earth. They have 2,000 genes coded for nasal receptor proteins, as many as rats (1,200) and dogs (800) combined.

If that sounds mildly unsettling, some researchers agree — VOCs can potentially cause eye or nose irritation, though the chemicals likely aren’t released in volumes high enough to do much more than that. Anyone who’d prefer to err on the safe side — or who simply has an aversion to the smell — can accelerate the off-gassing process by rolling down their windows or ensuring their air conditioner is sourcing air from outside the car. Those who’d rather immerse themselves in the aroma long after their car is new, meanwhile, can always invest in air fresheners meant to emulate the scent.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Individual parts in a new car
30,000+
Motor vehicles produced globally in 2023
93.5 million
Average cost of a new car in January 2024
$47,401
Top speed (in mph) of the Koenigsegg Jesko Absolut, the world’s fastest car
330

The word “car” comes from “karros,” a Gaulish word meaning “______.”

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The word “car” comes from “karros,” a Gaulish word meaning “two-wheeled Celtic war chariot.”

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A man once put 3 million miles on a single car.

If you get an exceptionally well-made car and maintain it to the best of your abilities, there’s a decent chance of getting up to 250,000 miles on it. While that might sound like a lot, it nonetheless pales in comparison to the world record: 3,250,257 miles, which an American man named Irv Gordon put on his Volvo P1800 over the course of 52 years. For those crunching the numbers, that averages out to a whopping 60,000 miles per year for more than half a century. Gordon bought the vehicle in 1966 on a Friday, and by the end of the weekend he’d already racked up 1,500 miles. Contributing factors to these impressive numbers included Gordon’s 125-mile daily commute to the Long Island middle school where he taught, his love of spending time behind the wheel, and his unfailing dedication to the vehicle’s upkeep.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.