Original photo by Wand_Prapan/ iStock

You probably don’t need an instruction manual to understand how backpacks work, but they’re often adorned with one common feature that’s largely overlooked: a little leather diamond patch sewn onto the outside. This embellishment is called a “lash tab,” and it serves more than a simply decorative purpose, as it was initially used by mountaineers to secure their gear.

The name comes from the word “lashing,” defined by Merriam-Webster as “something used for binding, wrapping, or fastening.” These tabs are also colloquially referred to as “pig snouts,” as the two vertical slits resemble a pig’s nose. In an interview with Reader’s Digest, JanSport product director Ryan Lee said, “The diamond lashing square was used to hold ice tools for mountaineering expeditions, particularly the ice axe.” Hikers would feed a rope or cord through the slits, allowing them to tie up their equipment. This made it easier to access the items, which would hang off the bag instead of being tucked inside.

Mount Chimborazo is the farthest point from Earth’s center.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fact

Ecuador’s Mount Chimborazo rises 20,564 feet above sea level — roughly 8,500 feet less than Mount Everest. However, its peak is 6,797.9 feet farther from the Earth’s center. This is because Chimborazo is located 1 degree south of the equator, which is the widest point on Earth.

These practical leather patches began appearing on mountaineering bags in the 1930s, expanding to more general recreational backpacks as the century progressed. By the 21st century, the tabs were relied on less for function and more for their rugged, retro design aesthetic. However, they can continue to serve a purpose if desired. Some outdoor enthusiasts may hang a carabiner off the lash tab to secure their water bottles, while others thread their shoelaces through to hang muddy boots after a long hike.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Attempts made by Tenzing Norgay before summiting Mount Everest
6
Height (in feet) of Mount Vinson, Antarctica’s tallest mountain
16,050
Items in the longest recorded line of backpacks
7,324
Value of the global backpack market in 2024
$19.11 billion

In 1938, Gerry Cunningham debuted the first backpack with a ______.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

In 1938, Gerry Cunningham debuted the first backpack with a zipper.

Placeholder Image

The world’s two tallest mountains are located in Hawaii.

At 29,032 feet, Mount Everest is the world’s highest in terms of its elevation above sea level. But while Everest is the highest, the two tallest mountains in the world are located on the island of Hawaii, though each is largely hidden under the waves of the Pacific Ocean.

Measuring from base to peak, the tallest mountain is Mauna Kea — a dormant volcano that’s estimated to stand at 33,481 feet from toe to tip. However, roughly 59% of this mountain is located underwater; only 13,796 feet are exposed above sea level. (This still makes it the highest point in the state of Hawaii.) Located to the south is Mauna Loa, an active volcano measuring more than 30,000 feet from the ocean floor to its peak. Mauna Loa reaches comparable heights of 13,681 feet above sea level.

Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer

Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Inbox Studio, and previously contributed to television programs such as "Late Show With David Letterman" and "Impractical Jokers." Bennett is also a devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.

Original photo by 365 Focus Photography/ Shutterstock

When people draw clouds, the results are usually big, fluffy, white creations, known scientifically as cumulus clouds. Although there are dozens of different cloud types, this is the one we most often associate with the word “cloud.” Though they may not be as mesmerizing as lenticular clouds hovering over volcanoes or as puzzling as arcus clouds stretching for miles, there still are some facets of them that truly boggle the mind. Take, for instance, the weight of an average cumulus cloud. Although these collections of water vapor seem to float effortlessly, clouds are extremely heavy. In fact, according to the United States Geological Survey, the average cumulus cloud weighs 1.1 million pounds

A green cloud means a tornado is imminent.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fib

A green sky is caused by massive storm clouds filled with rain droplets that shift the color spectrum of the sky to green. Although a green sky means a nasty storm is likely on its way — one that could produce a tornado — it doesn’t mean that a destructive twister is all but certain.

If a cloud floats, how do you weigh it? Well, the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research estimates that the average cumulus cloud is about 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) long and 1 kilometer tall, or a billion cubic meters in volume. Meanwhile, the water density of a typical cumulus cloud is 0.5 grams (about a marble’s worth) per cubic meter. That means the average cumulus cloud holds 500,000,000 grams of water — or 1.1 million pounds. But while we have the equivalent of 100 elephants floating above our heads, the dryer, denser air beneath the cloud is even heavier, which is why those clouds can harmlessly float on by.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Episode of “The Simpsons” famous for the “Old Man Yells at Cloud” meme
282
Year Aristotle wrote the treatise “Meteorologica,” the oldest comprehensive study of weather
340 BCE
Estimated percentage of the Earth’s surface obscured by clouds at any given time
67%
Average number of cloudy days in Anchorage, Alaska, the cloudiest major U.S. city
239

The highest-altitude cloud is called a ______ cloud.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

The highest-altitude cloud is called a noctilucent cloud.

Placeholder Image

Three of the world’s 10 sunniest cities are in Arizona.

The sunniest place in the world is Yuma, in the southwest corner of the extremely arid state of Arizona; the city receives 4,000 hours of sunlight every year. However, Yuma isn’t alone — nearby Tucson and the state’s capital, Phoenix, are also in the world’s top 10 sunniest places. Nearly the entire state exists in a rain shadow caused by mountains in nearby California. This means little moisture, which in turn means little cloud cover. All in all, it’s a pretty poor place to go cloud gazing.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Illustration by Diana Gerstacker; Photo by Yogesh Gosavi/ Unsplash

Despite being thinner than human hair and lighter than cotton, spider silk is stronger than steel — and it isn’t even close. According to Science magazine, the insect-trapping, egg-protecting material is a full five times stronger than steel of the same diameter. It’s also highly elastic and can hold its strength at extreme temperatures, making it one of the most versatile substances in the world.

Spiders are insects.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fib

Along with such creepy-crawlies as scorpions and mites, spiders belong to the Arachnida class and are thus arachnids, not insects. The main difference? Most adult arachnids have eight legs rather than six and don’t have wings or antennae.

Only about half of all spiders spin webs, but all of them produce silk — which is as lucky for us as it is for them, considering how many uses it has. Ancient Greek soldiers used cobwebs to reduce bleeding, and it’s even been used in body armor developed for the U.S. military. So the next time you get scared after seeing a spider, just think: Its silk may one day save a life.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Number of known spider species
45,000
Types of silk female orb weaver spiders can produce
7
Number of spiders whose silk was used to create a cape for a 2012 art exhibit
1.2 million
Highest sale price of “The Amazing Spider-Man #1”
$450,000

______ is the world’s largest spider by mass.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

The goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) is the world’s largest spider by mass.

Placeholder Image

You don’t really swallow eight spiders a year in your sleep.

There’s a good chance you’ve heard this common misconception about spiders crawling into your mouth while you snooze, but it’s just that: an urban legend. It simply doesn’t make sense on a biological or behavioral level for us or our eight-legged friends, who are highly sensitive to vibrations and therefore not inclined to approach a sleeping (and often snoring) human — especially since it wouldn’t end much better for them than it would for us.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Trismegist san/ Shutterstock

Fingerprints are one of the few parts of the human body that generally never change — in some cases, even after thousands of years. Scientists who study ancient civilizations by way of mummified remains can attest: Mummies have fingerprints. But how? 

Mummification works by drying out soft tissue such as skin, halting decomposition and preserving the body, fingerprints included. Recovering the fingertip impressions isn’t easy, but it is possible; the job requires soaking or injecting mummified hands with hydrating solutions that plump the tips. From there, the fingertips are inked and copied in a fashion similar to how modern fingerprints are recorded. 

Identical twins have the same fingerprints.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fib

Twins share a lot, but not fingerprints. Identical twins may have similar patterns, but they never match, since fingerprints form before birth and are impacted by how quickly bones grow, genetic differences, and other factors that vary between twins.

Historians don’t just recover fingerprints from mummies — some can be found on objects, too. In fact, one set has been discovered on a 3,000-year-old coffin. Researchers at the Cambridge Fitzwilliam Museum in England discovered the prints on the internal lid of a coffin for Nespawershefyt, an Egyptian priest, in 2005; they were likely left by a craftsman who touched the lid before its varnish was fully dry. While it’s impossible to ever know the person behind the prints, historians say just seeing them helps modern people connect with people of the past.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Universal patterns that make up human fingerprints (loops, whorls, and arches)
3
Year the FBI launched its first computerized fingerprint database
1999
Global box-office returns for the 1999 film “The Mummy”
$415 million
Year English archaeologist Howard Carter unsealed King Tut’s burial chamber
1923

The study of fingerprints is called ______.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

The study of fingerprints is called dermatoglyphics.

Placeholder Image

Some mummies have tattoos.

Humans today are far more like ancient Egyptians than we may realize. Everyday people thousands of years ago went to work and school, baked bread, shared meals… and even got tattoos. While it’s unclear how widespread permanent body art was throughout ancient Egypt, researchers have found tattoos on mummified remains dating back 3,000 years. Seven female mummies unearthed from the archaeological site of Deir el-Medina in Egypt are adorned with symbols such as baboons, lotus blossoms, and human eyes (used as a symbol of protection). While it’s likely the women worked as artisans or crafts workers who helped decorate nearby elaborate tombs for royalty, another theory suggests their tattoos may have been related to work as healers or religious figures. Mummification generally preserves skin, but the oils and materials used in the initial process can hide evidence of tattoos, which is why researchers are now turning to infrared imaging to catch a better glimpse of potential body art — a tool that has also revealed tattoos on two 5,000-year-old male mummies.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by Vaclav Matous/ Shutterstock

Autumn heralds the arrival of many things: pumpkin pie, crisp morning air, and, apparently, more intelligent rodents. Male squirrels get smarter in the fall due to their hippocampus (a part of the brain involved in memory) increasing in size during the caching season — the time of year when they gather even more nuts than usual. (In an especially adorable move, they stuff their snacks in their cheeks before moving their food to a more permanent storage spot.) Interestingly, female squirrel brains don’t show the same effect; researchers speculate that male squirrel brains may change in the fall to act more like the females’ brains already function all year long. The slightly bigger brains may help male squirrels remember exactly where they’ve stored their nuts, although scientists are still teasing out how.

A squirrel’s front teeth never stop growing.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fact

Chewing on all those walnuts, acorns, and almonds wears down a squirrel’s teeth to the proper length, so they don’t need to stop growing — if they did, they might get worn down too far.

Though we don’t tend to think of squirrels as especially bright, studies have shown that they and other tree-dwelling rodents have evolved larger brains compared to their burrowing counterparts. This all began some 34 million years ago, according to Dr. Ornella Bertrand of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences. There weren’t nearly as many arboreal primates back then, which allowed squirrels’ ancestors to take up residence among the leaves and branches. “When trees became available to them, squirrels’ ancestors seized the opportunity,” Bertrand explains. “This transition was a key evolutionary step for squirrels as it enabled them to acquire larger and more complex brains.” Whether it’s more than mere coincidence that male squirrels get smarter as (human) schools come back to session remains unconfirmed.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Portion of a squirrel’s buried nuts that can get stolen by (squirrel) thieves
25%
Species of squirrel
278
Weight (in pounds) of the average human brain
3
Length (in days) of the grey squirrel’s gestation period
40-44

“Squirrel” comes from a Greek word meaning “______.”

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

“Squirrel” comes from a Greek word meaning “shadow tail.”

Placeholder Image

Squirrels used to be rare in U.S. cities.

Take a walk through just about any park in America and there’s a decent chance you’ll see a squirrel — they’re everywhere. This wasn’t always the case, however, and in fact squirrels used to be a rare sight in many U.S. cities. This changed in the late 19th century, when parks became more common, and urban reformers started releasing squirrels in hopes of creating “a bucolic atmosphere that was entertaining, enlightening, and salubrious,” in the words of one historian. Mission accomplished. Releasing just three squirrels in Philadelphia’s Franklin Square in 1847 led to a boom in their population, and other parks followed suit. There were thought to be more than 1,000 squirrels in New York’s Central Park by 1902, and as of 2020 there were 2,373 — yes, someone counted.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by Slashio photography/ Shutterstock

Most rational people are inclined to leave scorpions well enough alone, given those stinger-tipped tails that administer venom capable of paralyzing their prey (and worse). Yet there are certain intrepid souls willing to brave the dangers and coax these arachnids into unleashing their toxins, for the simple reason that scorpion venom can sell for as much as $39 million per gallon

All scorpions are venomous.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fact

Although all of the approximately 1,500 classified species of these arachnids produce venom, only around 25 of them are life-threatening to humans.

Who actually dishes out the dough for this potent liquid? The medical industry, as venom from scorpions, spiders, vipers, and an array of other creatures has been found to provide compounds with surprising health benefits for humans. The venom of the deathstalker scorpion, for example, contains a peptide called chlorotoxin, which can pinpoint the location of aggressive brain tumors. Another species, the Diplocentrus melici, produces venom with 1,4-benzoquinone compounds that kill highly infectious bacteria, including the strains that cause tuberculosis.

Unsurprisingly, the monster dollar signs linked to this particular field have inspired a sub-industry of scorpion farmers and breeders, some of which are endangering scorpion populations. Insiders caution against getting involved for the money, though: For one thing, the venom has to be “milked” in absolutely sterile conditions; it’s a laborious process to do so, and the minute amounts that change hands between buyers and sellers aren’t going to pay off anyone’s mortgage. Additionally, many labs have turned to synthesized versions of the isolated compounds needed for their research. 

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Estimated number of venomous species on Earth
220,000
Length (in centimeters) of the largest modern-day scorpion
29.2
Age (in years) of the oldest scorpion fossils discovered
437 million
Studio albums released by German rockers the Scorpions
19

The scorpion stinger is known as a ______.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

The scorpion stinger is known as a telson.

Placeholder Image

Antimatter is the most expensive substance on Earth.

If you think scorpion venom costs a pretty penny, then imagine the payment plan you’d need to meet the $2.7 quadrillion price tag for one gram of antimatter. As you may recall from high school physics, antimatter is a substance that has the opposite electric charge of the ordinary matter that fills up most of our universe; because naturally occurring antimatter detonates upon contact with regular matter, the only way to obtain it for a significant length of time is by way of high-speed collisions generated by immensely powerful and expensive particle accelerators (currently only available at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research). So what purpose does this elusive material serve? The observation of antimatter production has been used for medical radio imaging, and it’s been speculated that the energy created by matter-antimatter collisions could be harnessed for space travel. Otherwise, the practical applications are pretty minimal, as fascinating as it is for scientists to study.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

Original photo by RossHelen/ Shutterstock

Today, Tokyo is the world’s largest city by population, with more than 37 million residents, but long before the Japanese metropolis took that honor, there was another record-holder: Rome. The ancient city was the world’s largest back in 133 BCE, when it became the first city to reach 1 million inhabitants. 

There’s a pyramid in Rome.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fact

Pyramids are generally associated with Egyptian culture, but Rome has one of its own. The Pyramid of Cestius was constructed between 18 and 12 BCE as a burial tomb for Caius Cestius, a Roman praetor. It is the only pyramid left in Europe.

Everyday life in ancient Rome was largely dictated by wealth: Affluent residents lived in finely decorated townhouses (and often had countryside estates for trips out of the city), while lower-income citizens resided in apartment-like buildings called insulae. But all social classes enjoyed the perks of living in a major city, including fresh water piped in from aqueducts, and the availability of markets, entertainment, and even food stalls that served quick meals. Rome’s population eventually declined as the Roman Empire fell, yet no city surpassed its record population for millennia — that is, until London became the world’s largest city, with 1 million people in 1800 and more than 6 million people by 1810.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Miles of constructed roads through the Roman Empire by 200 CE
50,000
Fountains in Rome
2,000+
Year “Roman Holiday” debuted, starring Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck
1953
Current population of Rome
4.3 million

At just 0.17 square miles, ______ is the world’s smallest city.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

At just 0.17 square miles, Vatican City is the world’s smallest city.

Placeholder Image

Two-thirds of the world’s population will likely live in a city by 2050.

Modern human societies haven’t always gravitated toward city life — in the 1800s, only 3% of the world’s population lived in a metropolis. That changed with the Industrial Revolution, which drew large numbers of workers to cities, and today, 80% of Americans live in an urban environment, a trend that’s echoed around the globe and not expected to decrease. In fact, a United Nations report from 2018 predicts that two out of every three people will live in a city by 2050. Many of the globe’s busiest cities will continue to grow, and some will become megacities — areas with more than 10 million people — creating the potential for some cities to become more important than countries, changing maps and impacting economies.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by Pawel Skokowski/ Shutterstock

While ants can be annoying (see: showing up at your picnic table), humans generally regard them as good workers, which is how they’ve often been portrayed in folklore and fables such as Aesop’s “The Ants & the Grasshopper.” So it may come as a surprise that not all worker ants are performing at peak productivity; in fact, some research shows that up to 40% of worker ants in a colony may remain idle while other ants trudge on with their duties. 

The world’s largest ant colony spans four countries.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fact

The Argentine ant colony runs along the coast of Portugal, Spain, Italy, and France, totaling 3,700 miles. Scientists believe the ants in the colony, which was discovered in 2002, traveled to Europe from Brazil and Argentina by ship.

Biologists with the University of Arizona observing ant colonies in 2015 found that many of the ants seemed to slack while other ants performed chores. And in research published two years later by some of the same scientists, the team examined 20 ant colonies, marking some of the creatures with tiny paint drops and observing their movements. When the “lazy” ants were removed from their nest, life and work continued on more or less as before. But scientists discovered a major shift when actively working ants were whisked away; the once-idle ants stepped into their missing counterparts’ roles, assuming tasks that were going uncompleted. That encouraged scientists to view them not as lazy, but as part of a reserve force. 

One theory for the behavior change is that keeping a team of workers on standby allows ant colonies to remain productive. A similar study in 2018 found that only 30% of workers in fire ant colonies dug tunnels, while other members of the nest waited nearby in a move that actually sped up work by preventing traffic jams in the narrow spaces. And some scientists believe that it’s possible certain ants are hard at work at nonvisible jobs that we humans just haven’t figured out how to recognize yet. Despite ants outnumbering humans 2.5 million to one, there’s much we don’t know about how they work together for their tiny, greater good.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Average length (in inches) of an ant
0.08–1
Number of known ant species
12,000+
Age (in years) of the oldest fossilized ants, found in New Jersey
92 million
Estimated number of ants now alive on Earth
20 quadrillion

An ant nest is called a ______.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

An ant nest is called a formicary.

Placeholder Image

Some ants can explode.

Most ants have a defense mechanism of one kind or another. Some sting, like fire ants, while Formica archboldi ants spray acid onto potential predators. Few, however, can do what “yellow goo” ants can: explode. Found in Southeast Asia, Colobopsis explodens are tree-dwelling ants that build their nests high up in the canopies. As a last-ditch effort to protect their homes from invaders, Colobopsis ants apply pressure to their abdomen, bursting their bodies in a self-sacrifice that releases a sticky, odorous, and toxic substance. Researchers have known about exploding ants for at least 200 years, though the first documented research on their unique ability appeared around 1916. However, little is known about “yellow goo” ants, who spend their days foraging for food as one of 15 known species of exploding ants in South Asia.

Nicole Garner Meeker
Writer

Nicole Garner Meeker is a writer and editor based in St. Louis. Her history, nature, and food stories have also appeared at Mental Floss and Better Report.

Original photo by PictureLux / The Hollywood Archive/ Alamy Stock Photo

If you’re ever looking for a counterexample to F. Scott Fitzgerald’s famous claim that “there are no second acts in American lives,” look no further than Shirley Temple. The beloved child star, who was Hollywood’s No. 1 box-office draw from 1935 to 1938, announced her retirement from film at the age of 22 in 1950. It was anyone’s guess what Temple would do next, but it’s unlikely that many predicted her eventual diplomatic career. After she ran (unsuccessfully) for Congress in 1967, President Nixon appointed her as a delegate to the 24th United Nations General Assembly in 1969, and President Ford named her the ambassador to Ghana in 1974.

Shirley Temple almost played Dorothy in “The Wizard of Oz.”

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fact

Temple wasn’t just a huge fan of Frank L. Baum’s novel — she was also in the running to play the lead in the 1939 film adaptation. The role went to Judy Garland, a decision that Temple accepted graciously, writing in her 1988 autobiography “Child Star” that “sometimes the gods know best.”

Temple’s foreign service didn’t end there. In 1989, just before the Velvet Revolution, President George H.W. Bush made her ambassador to the former Czechoslovakia, a post she held until 1992, as the country became a parliamentary democracy. According to Norman Eisen, who held the same role from 2011 to 2014, the “sunny confidence and optimism” that made Temple a movie star also helped her “really infuse the United States’ role — as our representative here, in the Velvet Revolution — with that good cheer and that hope.”

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Number of Temple’s feature-film appearances
43
Ingredients in a Shirley Temple (soda, ice, grenadine, maraschino cherries)
4
Curls in Temple’s iconic hairdo
56
Year Temple received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
1960

Shirley Temple’s final film was “______.”

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

Shirley Temple’s final film was “A Kiss for Corliss.”

Placeholder Image

Shirley Temple is the youngest Oscar honoree in history.

From 1935 to 1961, the board of governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences sometimes bestowed the Academy Juvenile Award on performers under the age of 18 in recognition of their “outstanding contribution[s] to screen entertainment.” The first honoree was none other than Shirley Temple, who was just 6 years old at the time. To this day, she remains the youngest person to win an Oscar. Her award was specifically for her work in 1934, including the films Stand Up and Cheer!, Bright Eyes, Baby Take a Bow, and Little Miss Marker. Overall, the Juvenile Award was given to 12 performers, including a 16-year-old Judy Garland in 1939 — the year she starred in The Wizard of Oz.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.

Original photo by franckreporter/ iStock

Canada has a population of just over 40 million people, the vast majority of whom live within 100 miles of the U.S. border. Only 10% of Canadians live farther north, with all of the country’s most populous cities — namely Toronto, Montreal, Calgary, Ottawa, and Edmonton — nestled relatively close to their American neighbors. The reason for this population density is largely pragmatic: Being significantly colder and more rugged, the rest of Canada simply isn’t as conducive to agricultural production or significant settlement.

The U.S.-Canada border is the longest international border in the world.

Ready to reveal?

Oops, incorrect!

It's a fact

Beating such competitors as Kazakhstan-Russia, Argentina-Chile, and China-Mongolia, the U.S.-Canada border is indeed the world’s longest. The shortest is a 443-foot boundary in the Zambezi River between Botswana and Zambia, though the border has never been formally recognized.

In addition to its 10 provinces, Canada also has three territories — Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut — which are geographically vast but home to a combined population of just 128,000 people. Together the territories make up Northern Canada, which geographers generally don’t consider part of the country’s ecumene — a term for land that’s been permanently settled. The most populous city in the territories is Whitehorse, the capital of Yukon, which is home to 45,000 people and in 2013 was named the city with the least air pollution in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records. By contrast, Toronto — Canada’s most populous city overall — is home to 3 million people.

Numbers Don't Lie

Numbers Don't Lie

Length (in miles) of the U.S.-Canada border
5,525
U.S. states that border Canada
13
Canada’s ranking among the world’s most densely populated countries
228
Year Canada was founded, on July 1 (as the Dominion of Canada)
1867

In Canada, a one-dollar coin is called a ______.

Ready to reveal?

Confirm your email to play the next question?

In Canada, a one-dollar coin is called a loonie.

Placeholder Image

Canada is home to the world’s northernmost settlement.

There’s cold, and then there’s the North Pole. Just 508 miles from that famed landmark is a military installation on Ellesmere Island named Alert, Nunavut, which is the northernmost permanently inhabited place in the world. With average temperatures ranging from -26 degrees Fahrenheit in January to a comparatively balmy 38.1 degrees in July, it has a permanent population just under 200 — one of whom is tasked with keeping polar bears away.

Michael Nordine
Staff Writer

Michael Nordine is a writer and editor living in Denver. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.