Original photo by isabel kendzior/ Shutterstock

Polar bears hold a Guinness World Record as the largest carnivore on land. These apex predators of the Arctic can weigh up to 1,700 pounds, measure 8 feet from nose to tail, and take down a walrus if they’re really hungry. But the great white bears also appear cuddly enough to star in Coca-Cola commercials and climate change campaigns. Here are a few key facts about these powerful animals.

Close-up of a swimming polar bear underwater looking at the camera.
Credit: Sylvie Bouchard/ Shutterstock

Polar Bears Are Marine Mammals

Along with their finned and flippered comrades, polar bears are considered marine mammals, which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration defines as mammals that depend on oceans to thrive. Four taxonomic groups fall under this umbrella: whales, dolphins, and porpoises (Cetacea); manatees and dugongs (Sirenia); seals, sea lions, and walrus (Pinnipedia); and marine “fissipeds” (meaning “split-footed”), including polar bears and sea otters. Polar bears are also covered by the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act, which makes it illegal to harass or kill them unless human lives are threatened.

Photo of polar bears in Canada.
Credit: isabel kendzior/ Shutterstock

Polar Bears Are Well Adapted to Living in the Cold

Polar bears have evolved unique characteristics to survive in frequently frigid regions across Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland, and Siberia. They have translucent fur and black skin; the former lets sun penetrate the bears’ thick coats, and the latter absorbs maximum heat to keep the animals toasty in subzero temps. Underneath a bear’s hide, a four-inch-thick layer of blubber insulates its core. Polar bears also have gigantic paws — up to 12 inches in diameter — that give them stability as they walk over ice, and act like paddles when they swim. Nictating membranes (sometimes called third eyelids) help them see better underwater.

Polar bears asleep in the snow.
Credit: evaurban/ Shutterstock

They Don’t Hibernate

Bears in more temperate parts of the world hibernate to save energy during the lean winter months; they gorge on food during summer and early fall, then snuggle into a den until spring. You might expect polar bears to hunker down and try to snooze through the coldest stretch of the Arctic winter, too. But because their food sources — seals, fish, seabirds, and even whale carcasses — remain available all year, they have no need to hibernate. Winter is actually the best time for polar bears to grab a meal. The sea ice, which the bears use like a platform to move from place to place, reaches its greatest extent and thickness in that season, making hunting easier. Only pregnant female polar bears retire to dens for the purpose of giving birth and nursing cubs.

Polar Bear eating in Greenland.
Credit: Adrian Wojcik/ iStock

Polar Bears Hunt by Stealth

Polar bears have perfected a hunting method that is both sneaky and deadly. A hungry bear will sniff the air to locate a seal resting on an ice floe, then quietly slip into the water. With only its snout above the surface, the bear will paddle closer to its prey, weaving around chunks of floating ice until it is within striking distance. The bear will then leap out of the water and try to grab the seal before it can roll into the sea. The BBC Earth program The Hunt filmed a polar bear following its prey as it escaped into the water, then coming up several minutes later with the seal in its jaws. The bears also stalk seals on the sea ice with cat-like intensity.

polar bear on melting ice float in the arctic sea.
Credit: FloridaStock/ Shutterstock

Arctic Warming Threatens Polar Bears’ Survival

Polar bears are often held up as the poster children of climate change. The Arctic is warming up to four times faster than the rest of the world, which has caused the yearly amount of sea ice to shrink (the 10 lowest amounts recorded by satellite have all occurred in the last two decades). Less sea ice means polar bears have a harder time traveling between hunting grounds and successfully stalking prey. They also have fewer places to rest, dig dens, and raise cubs. Scientists are now seeing polar bear populations that live mainly on sea ice decrease, while those closer to land are slightly increasing.

Canada, Manitoba, Churchill, 'polar Bear Capital Of The World' Sign.
Credit: Wolfgang Kaehler/ LightRocket via Getty Images

One Canadian Town Is Dubbed “the Polar Bear Capital of the World”

Churchill, Manitoba, sits on the western coast of Hudson Bay — smack dab in the path of polar bears’ migration routes. Every summer, hundreds of bears gather around Churchill as they wait for the bay to freeze solid and herald their winter hunting season. Local guides offer polar bear viewing safaris in safely enclosed “tundra buggies” that look more like tanks. The presence of so many bears can sometimes result in unpleasant interactions with humans, so the town maintains the Polar Bear Control Program and an emergency hotline (204-675-BEAR) to protect both people and animals. Bears that get too close for comfort are temporarily removed to the area’s Polar Bear Holding Facility to await the bay’s freeze-up.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

Original photo by Rasi Bhadramani/ iStock

Your heart is the hardest-working muscle in your body. It pumps blood 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for as many as nine or 10 decades without a break. For thousands of years, people have thought of the heart as intertwined with the soul, due to the organ’s faithful beating and power to keep us alive. Here are a few fascinating facts about the human heart.

Doctor holding artificial heart model.
Credit: Ivan-balvan/ iStock

The Human Heart Pumps About 5 Liters of Blood per Minute

The average resting heart rate for an adult is 60 to 100 beats per minute. With each beat, 55 to 80 milliliters of blood are pushed from the right and left atria (the heart’s upper chambers) through valves to the right and left ventricles (the lower chambers), and then out to the lungs and other parts of the body. A person’s total cardiac output is determined by multiplying the number of beats per minute and the volume of blood pumped per beat. While the heart of an adult sitting on the couch moves between 5 and 6 liters (1.3 to 1.5 gallons) of blood every minute, an elite athlete in a 100-meter dash might pump up to 35 liters (over 9 gallons) in that time.

Human and heart spirit energy connect to the universe.
Credit: Benjavisa/ iStock via Getty Images Plus

The Heart and the Soul Have Been Connected for Millennia

Ancient philosophers in Egypt, Greece, the Islamic world, and elsewhere believed the heart was the “seat” of the human body and the home of the soul. When preparing a corpse for mummification, Egyptian embalmers removed every organ except the heart. The influential Greek physician Galen wrote that the heart was “the hearthstone and source of the innate heat by which the animal is governed,” a (false) concept that lingered well into the 17th century. In contrast, Norse people believed the physical characteristics of the heart revealed a person’s courage or cowardice, and the smaller and colder it was, the braver its owner. Though English physician William Harvey discovered the heart’s true physiological role in the circulatory system in 1628, the metaphysical links between the heart and soul remain strong in the minds of many.

Dr. Christiaan Barnard's surgical team performing an open heart surgery.
Credit: Bettmann via Getty Images

The World’s First Successful Human Heart Transplant Was a Worldwide Sensation

Surgeons in the U.S. and Europe began to conduct heart transplants in animals in the early 20th century, but the first procedure on a human subject didn’t take place until 1964. In that operation, a chimpanzee’s heart was transplanted into a critically ill man who did not survive for long. Three years later, the first successful human-to-human heart transplant was performed at a South African hospital by Dr. Christaan Barnard and his team. Within hours, international media had picked up the story. Barnard appeared on the covers of TIME, LIFE, and Newsweek, while millions around the world followed the recovery of the patient, Louis Washkansk. Sadly, he passed away after 18 days. The procedure has been called “one of the most famous events of the 20th century” and “the most publicized event in world medical history.”

 Cardiogram Chart (ECG).
Credit: hudiemm/ iStock

The Human Heart Runs on Electricity

The heart’s cardiac conduction system — specialized cells that work like an electrical generator — tells the heart when and how fast to beat. First, pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node send out an electrical signal that cascades down the left and right atria, causing the chambers to contract. That squeezes blood through the mitral and tricuspid valves into the left and right ventricles. Another group of pacemaker cells in the atrioventricular (AV) node sends out another signal telling the ventricles to start contracting, which pushes the blood through two more valves and out to the body. Then the SA node shoots out a fresh signal, and the process repeats.

Pregnant woman and doctor with sonogram image.
Credit: Peter Dazeley/ The Image Bank via Getty Images

It’s a Myth That Heart Rate Can Reveal the Sex of an Unborn Baby

The heart is the first organ to develop in a human embryo. The earliest rudimentary form of the muscle, called the tubular heart, starts beating about three weeks after conception (though a 2016 study suggested it could be even earlier — about 16 days after conception). By the fifth week of gestation, a healthy fetus’s heart rate averages 110 beats per minute, increasing to 170 beats by the ninth week. It slows to 150 beats on average by the 13th week. It was once thought that an unborn baby’s sex could be determined based on its heart rate as detected by an ultrasound, but studies have shown there is no significant difference between boys’ and girls’ fetal heart rates.

3D illustration of a human heart.
Credit: ALIOUI Mohammed Elamine/ iStock

Scientists Have Grown a Beating “Mini-Heart” in a Lab

In a slightly Frankensteinian breakthrough, Austrian researchers built a fully beating “mini-heart” in a laboratory in 2015 to learn more about how the human heart develops in utero. The sesame seed-sized organoid, designed to mimic the activity of a 25-day-old human embryo’s heart, was meant to give researchers a better model for studying how congenital heart defects occur. Previously, experiments had relied on animals.

Bodleian curator Stephen Hebron holds a new portrait of Mary Shelley.
Credit: Matt Cardy/ Getty Images News via Getty Images

Mary Shelley Kept Her Husband’s Heart After His Death

Speaking of Frankenstein: The novel’s author, Mary Shelley, had her own brush with a disembodied heart. Following the drowning death of her husband, poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, his body was cremated — but his heart allegedly did not burn. It was retrieved from the fire and given to Mary Shelley, who kept it in her writing desk. It was finally buried with the body of their son, Percy Florence Shelley, in 1889.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

Original photo by DZ Lab/ iStock

Most of us are familiar with the story of the first telephone call: On March 10, 1876, Boston University professor Alexander Graham Bell reached for the curious invention on his desk, rang up his trusty assistant, and said, “Watson, come here… I want you to look at this text.”

OK, maybe not quite. But the moment did mark a seismic change in the history of communications — the birth of a creation that enabled people to bridge the gap across towns, cities, countries, and eventually the world, before being repurposed as a means for sending misspelled messages and watching silly videos. Here are six facts about the ubiquitous, sometimes irritating, but nevertheless remarkable telephone.

Businessmen watch inventor Alexander Graham Bell opens the New York-Chicago telephone line.
Credit: Bettmann via Getty Images

Bell Wasn’t the First To Build a Working Phone

While Alexander Graham Bell is known as the “father of the telephone,” he wasn’t the first to conceive of its existence. Italian-born inventor Antonio Meucci and the German physicist Johann Philipp Reis had both previously fashioned functional sound-transmission devices, and Illinois inventor Elisha Gray submitted a “patent caveat” — a type of preliminary application meant to essentially save one’s space in line — for his version of the phone on the very same day that Bell filed his patent. Gray eventually launched a protracted legal battle for the rights to the patent, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bell in 1888.

Close-up of buttons on a telephone.
Credit: Jeffrey Coolidge/ DigitalVision via Getty Images

Telephone Numbers Were Once Controversial

Telephone numbers were first used in 1879, after a measles epidemic hit Lowell, Massachusetts, keeping many of the local switchboard operators — on whom the earliest telephone systems depended — out of work. The response was to designate phone subscribers by number, allowing new operators to quickly get up to speed without knowing the hundreds of local subscribers by name, although management initially worried that customers would object to numerical identification as dehumanizing. In the 1960s, after most American communities had adopted an alphanumeric system that included the name of the local exchange, customers did indeed balk at the switch from the alphanumeric system to all-digit phone numbers, with organizations such as the Anti-Digit Dialing League emerging to remind the phone overlords that human beings existed within the sea of numbers.

Pay phones against the wall.
Credit: Jericka Cruz/ EyeEm via Getty Images

The First Pay Phone Appeared in the 1880s

A 19th-century Connecticut machinery polisher named William Gray endured a scare when he was unable to access a phone to call a doctor to treat his ailing wife. The good news: His wife recovered, and the experience drove Gray to develop a coin-operated phone that would be available to the public, and not just those who could afford an expensive private subscription service. His first pay phone appeared in a Connecticut bank in 1889, and by 1902, there were approximately 81,000 such contraptions around the country. That number swelled to 2 million by the end of the century, before reversing as cellphone ownership became commonplace — leaving only about 100,000 remaining pay phones to be found by 2018.

The automatic telephone exchange in a telecommunications rooms.
Credit: John Waterman/ Hulton Archive via Getty Images

A Disgruntled Undertaker Created the Automated Phone Exchange

Around the same time that Gray was tinkering with his pay phone, a Kansas City undertaker named Almon B. Strowger was looking to circumvent the operators he felt were diverting would-be customers to a competing business. The solution was an electromagnetic-powered automated exchange, which earned a patent in 1891 and was up and running in La Porte, Indiana, the following year. Although the operator workforce continued to thrive into the next century, their population began to dwindle with the onset of improved automated technology in the 1930s. By 2021, there were reportedly just 5,000 employees classified as “telephone operators” by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Old 90s classic analog mobile flip phone.
Credit: Ben Slater/ iStock

The First Cellphone Call Was Placed in 1973

The first mobile telephone call took place on June 17, 1946, from a car stocked with 80 pounds worth of transmission equipment. However, the handheld cell as we know it can be traced to the work of Motorola executive Martin Cooper, who demonstrated his company’s prototype with a call from a Midtown Manhattan street on April 3, 1973. The first cellphone hit the market 11 years later, in the form of the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, a 2-pound behemoth that offered customers the chance to talk uninterrupted for 30 minutes (following a 10-hour charge time) for the whopping price of $3,995.

An original IBM Simon Personal Communicator.
Credit: Rob Stothard/ Getty Images News via Getty Images

The First Smartphone Was Introduced in 1992

The next major evolutionary step in phone history came with the introduction of IBM’s Simon Personal Communicator in 1992. A cellphone capable of sending and receiving pages, faxes, and emails, it was the world’s first smartphone, even if the term hadn’t been coined yet. As with many technological trailblazers, Simon was oversized, expensive, and short-lived. Following the phone’s commercial release in August 1994, IBM sold only about 50,000 units before discontinuing the product early the following year. But there was no going back on the idea, and by early 2023, there were more than 6 billion smartphone subscribers around the world.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

Original photo by Lifestyle pictures/ Alamy Stock Photo

There’s more than one way to go hunting for Easter eggs. When it comes to movies, you can find them all over the place — and not just on a specific day of the year. Filmmakers have been hiding subtle hints, messages, and references in their movies for almost as long as they’ve been making movies at all, often as a wink-wink allusion to other movies they themselves love. You usually have to look carefully to notice them, but once seen they can’t be unseen. Here are six of them.

Barbie standing in a barren landscape.
Credit: Lifestyle pictures/ Alamy Stock Photo

2023: A Barbie Odyssey

Some Easter eggs are subtle, while others are… less so. Greta Gerwig’s massively popular Barbie, which is all but certain to become the highest-grossing film of the year at the time of writing, opens with one of the not-so-subtle variety. As little girls play with old-fashioned dolls in a barren landscape, the narrator (Helen Mirren) intones about how things will soon change with the arrival of a new doll: Barbie (Margot Robbie), who appears out of the ether as Richard Strauss’ “Also sprach Zarathustra” plays. It’s a direct callback to the opening credits and first sequence of Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey, which likewise heralds the dawn of a historical event with massive implications for the future of humanity as that famous piece of music reaches its crescendo.

Samuel L. Jackson in Captain America.
Credit: TCD/Prod.DB/ Alamy Stock Photo

The “Pulp Fiction” Epitaph in “Captain America: The Winter Soldier”

Among the many quotable scenes in Pulp Fiction, one has proved especially popular over the years: Samuel L. Jackson’s recitation of Ezekiel 25:17. Jackson plays a hitman who quotes the Bible before doing his victims in, using the passage as a kind of calling card:

The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the inequities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who in the name of charity and good will shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness, for he is truly his brother’s keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will strike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers. And you will know my name is the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon thee.

The sequence is so iconic, in fact, that the makers of Captain America: The Winter Soldier decided to reference it when Nick Fury, also played by Jackson, fakes his death. As the ruse requires a tombstone, the epitaph reads, “Col. Nicholas J. Fury: ‘The path of the righteous man…’ —Ezekiel 25:17.” Given how fond Pulp Fiction writer-director Quentin Tarantino is of alluding to other movies, it only makes sense for other filmmakers to reference his work.

Film director Quentin Tarantino, portrait, standing by a poster for his film Pulp Fiction.
Credit: Martyn Goodacre/ Hulton Archive via Getty Images

Into the Tarantino-Verse

Speaking of Tarantino, it isn’t just other filmmakers whose work he references — it’s also his own. Many of the Oscar-winning writer-director’s works take place in a shared universe, with brands like Big Kahuna Burger and Red Apple cigarettes popping up in several of his films. There’s also the fact that Michael Madsen’s character in Reservoir Dogs and John Travolta’s character in Pulp Fiction are brothers: Vic and Vincent Vega, respectively, about whom Tarantino was at one point developing a spinoff.

Perhaps the deepest connection is between Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill, as the TV pilot that Mia Wallace (Uma Thurman) starred in, Fox Force Five, in the former bears a striking resemblance to the female assassins in the latter. “There was a blond one, Somerset O’Neil, she was the leader,” Mia says of the show. “The Japanese fox was a kung fu master. The Black girl was a demolition expert. The French fox’s speciality was sex… according to the show, [my character] was the deadliest woman in the world with a knife.” These archetypes align strongly with the women of Kill Bill, a connection made even stronger by the fact that The Bride (also played by Thurman) titles her hit list “Death List Five.”

FIGHT CLUB scene, 1999.
Credit: AJ Pics/ Alamy Stock Photo

The Starbucks Cups in “Fight Club”

The first rule of Fight Club is: You do not talk about Fight Club. The second rule of Fight Club is: When breaking the first rule, be sure to point out that almost every shot in Fight Club features a Starbucks cup. David Fincher’s cult classic, an adaptation of Chuck Palahniuk’s counterculture novel of the same name, has become an anti-establishment rallying call since it first hit theaters in 1999. Few companies symbolize the kind of corporate ubiquity the film satirizes quite like the coffee behemoth, leading Fincher to feature their instantly recognizable cups throughout. Somewhat surprisingly, Starbucks approved of this: “They read the script, they knew what we were doing, and they were kind of ready to poke a little fun at themselves,” Fincher said.

Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz.
Credit: Collection Christophel/ Alamy Stock Photo

He’s Off to See the Wizard

You might love The Wizard of Oz, but you probably don’t love it as much as David Lynch. The revered filmmaker behind favorites such as Blue Velvet, Twin Peaks, and Mulholland Drive, who has earned four Oscar nominations throughout his storied career, has sprinkled references to the Judy Garland classic in several of his films. The most overt comes in Wild at Heart, when an effervescent figure bearing a strong resemblance to Glinda the Good Witch descends from the sky, but it’s far from the only Easter egg. Lynch also has a habit of naming characters Judy and featuring red shoes in his movies, even once admitting, “There’s not a day that goes by that I don’t think about The Wizard of Oz.” The connection is so strong that it recently became the subject of a documentary, the appropriately named Lynch/Oz.

RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK film (1981).
Credit: Moviestore Collection Ltd/ Alamy Stock Photo

These Are the Droids You’re Looking For

Raiders of the Lost Ark was directed by Steven Spielberg, but it was dreamt up by George Lucas shortly after he finished American Graffiti in 1973. The blockbuster starring Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones was eventually produced by Lucasfilm, with the production company’s namesake receiving a story credit, so it makes sense that the final product would contain a blink-and-you’ll-miss-it allusion to his best-known work: Star Wars. When Indy finally finds the Ark of the Covenant near the end of the film, a set of hieroglyphics can be seen to his right that depict R2-D3 and C3PO. It isn’t the only Star Wars Easter egg in the series, as the opening scene of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom takes place in Club Obi Wan.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

Original photo by Sergey Uryadnikov/ Shutterstock

Whales are among the most magnificent animals on Earth, a throwback to the enormous creatures that once graced our planet and largely disappeared before we had the chance to witness them. Yet they also remain mostly mysterious, like the vast oceans that house them, a collection of distantly observed giants that exhibit both puzzling and relatable behaviors that hint at an intelligence to rival ours. With so much more to learn, here are nine things we do know about the massive, marvelous whale.

Humpback Whale entering the water.
Credit: Tory Kallman/ Shutterstock

There Are Two Types of Whales

As members of the cetacean order, whales are grouped into two suborders: baleen whales (mysticetes) and toothed whales (odontocetes). The former are named for the plates attached to their upper jaws, called baleen, which enable the blue whales, right whales, humpbacks, and others in this category to trap tiny fish and crustaceans in their huge mouths. Toothed whales, as you may have guessed, possess teeth to grab hold of larger prey like fish, squid, and seals, which are then swallowed whole. This suborder includes sperm whales, dolphins, and narwhals, which famously feature a hornlike tooth protruding from their lip.

A Pakicetus skeleton cast.
Credit: Jack Taylor/ Getty Images News via Getty Images

The First Whales Lived on Land

The first cetacean was a wolf-sized, land-dwelling carnivore called Pakicetus, which bore little resemblance to today’s whales beyond the shared skull shape and ear structure. First appearing in modern-day Pakistan approximately 50 million years ago, Pakicetus soon spawned descendants that were better suited for marine life; by the arrival of Dorudon (an extinct species of ancient whale) around 40 million years ago, some of these mammals had already adapted to life underwater. Further along the evolutionary line, baleen whales first appeared approximately 34 million years ago, while the colossal growth that characterizes some whale species began occurring concurrently with cooling climates some 4.5 million years ago.

Aerial view of a fin whale.
Credit: Leonardo Gonzalez/ Shutterstock

Whales Range From 5 Feet to Nearly 100 Feet Long

Although they subsist on smaller prey, baleen whales are generally larger than their toothed counterparts. The blue whale reaches dimensions of nearly 100 feet long and almost 200 tons, making it the largest animal on the planet (although it may no longer hold the title of largest animal ever). The fin whale stretches to nearly 90 feet, with a maximum weight of about 80 tons, while the sperm whale is the largest of the toothed variety at up to 60 feet in length and 63 tons. At the other end of the spectrum is the compact vaquita, a nearly extinct porpoise that lives in the Gulf of California and tops out at about 5 feet and 120 pounds.

A sperm whale in the Indian Ocean.
Credit: Martin Prochazkacz/ Shutterstock

The Sperm Whale Has the Largest Brain of Any Animal

Whales have some of the biggest brains of any creatures on the planet, highlighted by the 20-pound organ residing in the skulls of sperm whales (the biggest brain overall of any species). Of course, this is in large part due to the sheer size of these creatures, and humans still come out ahead when comparing brain-to-body-size ratio. Nevertheless, whale brains have been found to have spindle neurons, the nerve cells responsible for more complex functions like reasoning, memory, and adaptive thinking. Given that whales have been shown to live in complex societies and exhibit a wide range of emotions, it’s likely that these plus-sized brains are also a sign of high levels of intelligence.

A male humpback whale breaching off tropical island water.
Credit: Miguel Schmitter/ Shutterstock

Whales Breach the Ocean Surface as a Way to Communicate

Breaching — the term for when a marine animal propels its body up and out of the water — is always a crowd-pleaser on whale tours, even if the reason for this energy-consuming behavior isn’t well understood. Scientists who studied the habits of humpback whales concluded that breaching can be used as a means of long-distance communication, as the humpbacks under examination mostly engaged in this activity when another group was more than 4,000 meters away. Other possible explanations for breaching include a display of fitness for mating, a means of ridding the skin of parasites, or simply a way to have some fun.

Beached whale with human help.
Credit: ruvanboshoff/ iStock

Whales Can Find Themselves Beached for Numerous Reasons

Not to be confused with breaching, beaching is also an eye-catching cetacean event that results when these sea-dwellers wash ashore. A fate befalling old, sick, or injured individuals that are too weak to swim to safety, beaching can also occur among healthy whales seeking to escape predators, or those that simply get trapped in shallow areas when tides recede. Although orcas are known to propel themselves onto shores to hunt for seals, beaching is generally bad news for the animal involved. Outside its natural environment, a whale can overheat from its thick blubber and succumb to the toxins that accumulate from diminished circulation.

A baleen grey whale emerging from the water.
Credit: jo Crebbin/ Shutterstock

Male Humpback Whales Produce Evolving “Songs”

Toothed whales are known to emit clicking sounds as part of their echolocation abilities to identify other underwater objects. Baleen whales (which don’t use echolocation) deliver both low-frequency moans and higher-frequency whistles. But perhaps the most interesting noises from the whale family are the “songs” produced by male humpbacks. A series of repeating growls, bleats, and wails, these songs can last up to a half-hour in length, and are sometimes vocalized on a seeming loop for hours on end. Additionally, humpback songs have been shown to evolve into different tunes over time as members of a group repeat and put their own creative flourishes on the sequences.

Humpback Whale in the waters of Hawaii.
Credit: Maui Topical Images/ Shutterstock

Whales Are Biologically Suited to Hold Their Breath for a Long Time

While many of us would struggle to stay underwater for more than 15 seconds, whales are proven champions when it comes to holding in air for lengthy dives to the ocean floor. This is thanks to bodies that produce high levels of proteins like hemoglobin and myoglobin, which enable the mammals to store oxygen in their muscles and blood. Additionally, diving whales will lower their heart rate and cut off blood flow to organs such as the liver and kidneys to conserve oxygen. With these physiological superpowers at their disposal, whales have been recorded remaining underwater for as long as 222 minutes, and reaching a depth of nearly 10,000 feet.

Humpback Whale Migration.
Credit: Luis Cristofori/ Shutterstock

Whales Can Migrate More Than 10,000 Miles in a Year

Some whales undertake mind-boggling migrations from polar to tropical climates that can cover more than 10,000 miles in a round trip. Many of these migratory patterns follow food-birth cycles, as the animals dine in nutrient-rich northern waters during the summer months before moving south to produce their young in gentler climates during winter. Recently, scientists have added the credible explanation that whales also head south to expedite a molting process that comes to a standstill in colder environments. Yet migratory patterns can be irregular even among whales of the same species, with some electing to forgo the long journeys undertaken by their companions, proving once again that there’s no fitting these animals neatly into a box when it comes to explaining their sophisticated behaviors.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

Original photo by Danielle Cerullo/ Unsplash

Dancing takes many forms, from formal, highly skilled ballet solos to the electric slide. Just like music exists in every culture, so does dancing — although the form and function may vary. Just how long have humans been dancing? Why have so many cities banned dance marathons? How long was the longest conga line? These eight facts about dancing might just inspire you to get your boogie on.

Dance procession in ancient Egypt Civilization.
Credit: DEA / A. JEMOLO/ De Agostini via Getty Images

Humans Have Danced for Tens of Thousands of Years

The earliest book about dance is around 1,500 years old, and the first written records of dancing date back about 4,000 years, to ancient Egypt — but cave paintings and rock art more than 20,000 years old show that dance far predates written communication. It’s possible that we’ve been dancing since before we were human, since chimpanzees can keep a beat, too.

Ballroom dancing featuring the foxtrot.
Credit: primipil/ iStock

The Foxtrot Was One of Several Animal Dances

The ragtime era (circa 1899 to 1917) brought with it many then-scandalous dances that are pretty standard ballroom fare today, such as the foxtrot. But in its heyday, the foxtrot was just one of a number of animal-themed dances that had people clutching their pearls. The turkey trot came before the foxtrot, and was so feared by the morality police of the day that the New York Times reported that Woodrow Wilson canceled his inaugural ball over it and other animal dances. (Wilson denied the claim.) The grizzly bear, featuring two dancers that come together in a kind of frozen bear hug, also raised hackles. Other examples include the bunny hug, the kangaroo dip, and the sloth squeeze.

View of a person breakdancing for the Olympics.
Credit: EITAN ABRAMOVICH/ AFP via Getty Images

Break Dancing Was Briefly an Olympic Sport

Breaking, or break dancing, emerged from New York’s hip-hop culture in the 1970s, named for the break, a musical technique used by DJs. By the 1980s, it had hit the mainstream. The form is improvisational and acrobatic, requiring both a sense of rhythm and a high level of athleticism.

The first Olympic event to feature breaking was the Summer Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires in 2018, and it debuted as part of the main event during the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. However, the IOC announced after the Games that it would not return in 2028.

Nurse consoling her elderly patient with Parkinson's disease.
Credit: PIKSEL/ iStock

Dancing Could Help Treat Parkinson’s

Dancing is great for your brain, and it could even be therapeutic for those with degenerative neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s comes with a lot of dysfunction in the motor system, like slowed movement, stiffness, tremors, and loss of balance. Rhythmic auditory stimulation, a therapy that has patients move to a rhythm — like dance — appears to help significantly with gait and motor function. This helps decrease fall risk and improve quality of life. Similar treatments have also been studied for Huntington’s disease, although their efficacy is still up in the air.

Two ballet dancers performing.
Credit: Heritage Images/ Hulton Archive Photos via Getty Images

Early Ballet Dancers Were Mostly Male

Ballet has a reputation as a feminine art, and modern choreography often showcases ballerinas at the expense of ballerinos. But for the first century-plus of the art, which developed in Europe (particularly France) in the 15th and 16th centuries, men were considered the primary performers. The first professional ballerina didn’t even come along until the 17th century, and women didn’t become stars until after the French Revolution in the late 18th century. Male dancers took the brunt of the hatred that had been directed at the aristocracy, while female dancers were able to carry the traditionally aristocratic art form into a more populist era.

Group of people in conga line.
Credit: Everett Collection/ Shutterstock

The Longest Conga Line Was 119,986 People Long

Conga is a spontaneous Cuban dance in which a solo dancer or a group casually meanders around a street or a dance floor. You may have ended up in a conga line at a wedding or similar large gathering — one person puts their hands on another person’s shoulders, and the next thing you know you have a whole connected parade of dancers.

The longest conga line ever recorded was formed in Miami during the Cuban street festival Calle Ocho on March 13, 1988. A whopping 119,986 people lined up to set the record. The festival followed up that record with another one in 2012, this time featuring the world’s largest flag. (The festival has also set records for largest piñata, largest cigar, and most domino players.)

300 couples on a marathon dance.
Credit: Fox Photos/ Hulton Archive via Getty Images

Dance Marathons Could Get Dangerous

Multiple jurisdictions in the United States, including New York, Boston, Los Angeles, and Seattle, have had rules on the books banning dance marathons, an old-timey fundraising competition that rose to prominence in the 1920s and during the Great Depression. No, it’s not because of the turkey trot — it’s because of far more legitimate dangers like dehydration,  overexertion, and worse.

Not all the laws are on the books anymore — Seattle, for example, axed theirs along with a bunch of other antiquated laws in the 1970s — but dance marathons are far less prevalent and, when they do take place, more precautions tend to be put in place. The Guinness Book of World Records, for example, only supervises dance marathons that offer at least five minutes of rest for every hour of continuous dancing, which can accumulate if not taken, and records can only be set by people ages 16 and over. The current solo record-holder is Indian 16-year-old Srushti Sudhir Jagtap, who danced for 127 hours in 2023.

Girls dancing in a circle.
Credit: Mikael Damkier/ Shutterstock

You Have To Call the Police To Dance in Public in Sweden

Sweden put a law on the books in 1956 that required permits for any public dancing, so if you wanted to cut a rug at a bar, the owner would need government approval first. If the authorities came by and observed dancing without a permit, the establishment could lose their liquor and business licenses.

The requirement was finally lifted in 2023, but it’s still not exactly a free-for-all. If there’s about to be dancing, you still have to call the police to give them a heads up.

Sarah Anne Lloyd
Writer

Sarah Anne Lloyd is a freelance writer whose work covers a bit of everything, including politics, design, the environment, and yoga. Her work has appeared in Curbed, the Seattle Times, the Stranger, the Verge, and others.

Original photo by kozmabelatibor/ iStock

Well known for their ability to alter the tones of their scaly skin, chameleons have even worked their way into pop culture vernacular as a word to describe people who shift personas or behavior depending on the situation. However, unlike guinea pigs, ferrets, or other animals often seen frolicking in their cages at pet stores, chameleons seemingly spend most of their time watching and waiting. Of course, there’s more going on behind those stoic faces than extreme patience, so here are nine facts all about the inner workings of these astounding critters.

close up, the color gradation of a beautiful chameleon.
Credit: Mar Zuki/ iStock

Chameleons Change Color Thanks to Special Skin Cells

The chameleon’s famed superpower comes courtesy of special skin cells called iridophores. These cells contain complex lattices of nanocrystals, which reflect different wavelengths of light as they expand and contract. As such, color changes are often affected by a chameleon’s mood; when agitated by a rival, for example, a male’s skin cells will stretch and reflect longer wavelengths of light such as yellow, orange, or red. Furthermore, because these animals can’t generate their own body heat, they become darker or lighter to absorb or reflect sunlight as needed. Contrary to popular belief, chameleons do not change color to blend in with their surroundings.

Baby chameleon laying on a human finger.
Credit: Patty Chan/ Shutterstock

Chameleons Range From Less Than 1 Inch to More Than 2 Feet

Most chameleons grow to a length of 7 to 10 inches, but there are extremes on both ends of the size spectrum. The 1.5-pound Parson’s chameleon is the heaviest species by weight, while its length of 26 to 27 inches is matched by the Malagasy giant chameleon. The recently discovered nano-chameleon (Brookesia nana), on the other hand, sports a body length of just over a half-inch and a total length of less than nine-tenths of an inch, making it the smallest known reptile on the planet.

Chameleon shoots out tongue.
Credit: CathyKeifer/ iStock

Chameleon Tongues Are Among the Fastest in the Animal Kingdom

While the animals themselves might be slow-moving, that adjective doesn’t apply to the chameleon’s tongue, which propels from its mouth at a peak acceleration of 264 times the force of gravity (the equivalent of going zero to 60 mph in one-hundredth of a second). These organs reach super speed thanks to a spring-loaded accelerator muscle and spirally wound protein fibers that work “sort of like a telescopic catapult,” in the words of one researcher. And thanks to a slathering of mucus that’s 400 times more viscous than human saliva, these powerful tongues can easily latch onto and reel in an insect or small animal of up to 30% of the chameleon’s body weight.

Photo of colorful chameleon eye.
Credit: Anna Om/ Shutterstock

Chameleons Have Incredible Vision

Another distinct feature of these animals: those domed, swiveling eyes. Protected by conical lids that leave only a small opening for the pupil, chameleon eyes are capable of nearly 360 degrees of panoramic views as they alternate between monocular and binocular vision. Although scientists previously believed that chameleon eyes acted independently of one another, recent research indicates that each eye keeps track of the other’s activities even when seemingly focused elsewhere. And what chameleons see would dazzle human minds: They combine a nearsighted lens with a farsighted cornea to work like a telephoto lens, while also possessing the ability to detect ultraviolet light.

A uv lamp on table.
Credit: Andrey Sukhachev/ Shutterstock

Some Chameleons Glow Under UV Light

If specialized skin cells, eyes, and tongues aren’t enough to inspire a favorable impression of these creatures, how about bones that glow in the dark? This discovery came courtesy of a team of German researchers, who detailed in a 2018 paper how these lizards sport rows of bony protuberances close enough to the skin to produce conspicuous glowing beneath UV lighting. It’s unclear what evolutionary processes drove this trait, as not all chameleons display visible fluorescence. However, because the glowing is more readily apparent among species that live in low-visibility rainforests, researchers have proposed that it aids with communication and sexual selection.

Close-up of the paw of a male panther chameleon.
Credit: Ferdy Timmerman/ Shutterstock

Chameleon Toes Are Bundled Into Two Groups

While they possess five digits per foot like most lizards, chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet, in which the toes are fused into opposing bundles of two and three. This feature, which develops in the embryonic stage, provides these animals with a sturdy grip when clinging to trees. Furthermore, chameleons have been found to possess hairlike “friction-enhancing” growths on their feet; while these bristles lack the adhesive properties of similar growths on geckos, they nevertheless provide additional support for climbing and grabbing.

Up-close of a chameleon and it's tail on a tree.
Credit: Milan Zygmunt/ Shutterstock

Most Chameleons Have Prehensile Tails

Most chameleon species receive another climbing assist from a prehensile tail, an appendage strong enough to keep an individual tethered to a tree while it releases its feet to reach for a branch. However, the benefit these tails provide to arboreal chameleons is offset by their lack of expendability in battle; while many other lizards can self-amputate a tail in the grip of a predator and later grow it back, a chameleon can do neither. Owners will notice that their pets sometimes keep their tails curled up in a ball, an act that could reflect a need to keep balanced on a perch, or a range of emotions from anxiety to contentment.

Chameleon eggs in a nest.
Credit: showcake/ Shutterstock

Chameleon Eggs Can Take Up to Two Years to Incubate

Although some chameleons give birth to live young, most females of the extended family lay eggs in a clutch that can number two to four for smaller species and 80 to 100 for large ones. Incubation periods also widely vary; some eggs hatch after four months, while those of the massive Parson’s chameleon can take around two years. While baby Labord’s chameleons emerge from their shells after nine months, these animals survive for only about four months afterward, which means the adult population is already gone by the time the next generation of hatchlings enter the world.

A green chameleon disguised in nature.
Credit: Darkdiamond67/ Shutterstock

As Many as One-Half of All Species Face Threats to Survival

Native to areas of southern Europe, western Asia, and especially Africa (nearly half of the 200-plus identified species are found only on the island of Madagascar), chameleons occupy a wide range of habitats across deserts, rainforests, grasslands, and mountains. However, these slow-moving animals are range-restricted, which leaves them vulnerable to destructive human activities such as slash-and-burn farming. As a result, approximately one-third to one-half of all chameleon species face a troubling classification status of threatened or near-threatened.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

Original photo by diephosi/ iStock

Are you feeling lucky? It’s possible you just came across a patch of four-leaf clovers, or walked underneath a horseshoe. Maybe you were just given some lucky bamboo. But why are these things considered lucky? And what’s the story of the “lucky cat” next to your favorite Asian restaurant’s cash register? The number seven is supposedly lucky, too — so we’ve rounded up seven good luck charms and the stories behind them.

Woman holding green four leaf clover.
Credit: New Africa/ Shutterstock

Four-Leaf Clovers

Part of the reason four-leaf clovers are lucky is pretty simple: They’re exceedingly rare. Clovers have four copies of each chromosome in every cell, and all four copies need to carry the gene for the fourth leaf in order for the plant to produce one. Environmental factors can affect the expression of the trait, too. One survey in 2017 found that around 1 in 5,000 clovers have four leaves, although they tend to be found in patches.

How clovers and shamrocks became a symbol of Ireland and St. Patrick’s Day is a little less clear. Legend has it that St. Patrick used a three-leaf clover to explain the Christian concept of the Holy Trinity to nonbelievers. On his feast day on March 17, wearing a clover was an easy, inexpensive way to look nice at church.

Meanwhile, when the English were expanding their rule into Ireland, some tried to paint Irish people as primitive and described them as eating clover. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries — around the same time a rose started to symbolize England and a thistle Scotland — a three-leafed clover started to appear as a symbol for Ireland. This was possibly a reclamation of the “eating clover” idea, and possibly because of the plant’s association with St. Patrick.

Horseshoes in the grass.
Credit: diephosi/ iStock

Horseshoes

There are a few reasons horseshoes could be considered lucky. One is pretty straightforward: In Western Europe, iron was believed to drive away evil spirits, and horseshoes were made of iron.

Another reason has to do with an Irish folktale about a blacksmith who was forging horseshoes when he was visited by the devil, who asked for shoes of his own. The blacksmith put a red-hot shoe on the devil’s foot, and the devil, in extreme pain, vowed never to go near a horseshoe again.

Another superstition was that witches were afraid of horses — it’s why they supposedly traveled on brooms instead. Therefore, a horseshoe could ward away witches.

Good luck rabbit foot charms.
Credit: e_rik/ Shutterstock

Rabbits’ Feet

The origin of rabbits’ feet as a good luck charm may go back as far as ancient Rome, when the feet of hares and rabbits were thought to have medicinal powers. For centuries in Europe, people carried paws from rabbits or hares for their supposed effects against cramps and other ailments. The idea of rabbits’ feet as good luck then transformed in America, where it may have been appropriated from an African culture, or based on a joke among African Americans that European Americans didn’t fully understand. In the early 20th century, merchants started selling rabbits’ feet with marketing claiming that they’d been harvested under spooky circumstances, like under the dark of the moon on a Friday the 13th; Black people were often said to have been the ones doing the harvesting.

The use of the symbol could also be connected to the Hand of Glory, a hand cut from a hanged man, usually the left one, and often pickled, after which it was said to have mystical powers. In a sense, the use of the rabbit’s foot was thought to stand in for the human appendage.

Green lucky bamboo as known as scientific name, Dracaena braunii.
Credit: Michael Mong/ Shutterstock

Lucky Bamboo

Lucky bamboo is a popular houseplant because it’s easy to care for and associated with feng shui, an ancient Chinese practice for creating balance in a home. According to tradition, it brings prosperity to the corner of the home in which it’s placed. The number of stalks is significant; for extra luck, try six or nine. Notably, it’s not actually bamboo, but a tropical plant closer to a succulent.

A Maneki-neko plastic cat.
Credit: LoulouVonGlup/ Shutterstock

Lucky Cat

Maneki neko, the Japanese-style statue of a white cat with one paw raised, dates back to the Edo period (1603 to 1868 CE) in what’s now Tokyo, and first appeared in Buddhist temples. One legend is that a cat beckoned a samurai into a temple and helped him avoid a heavy thunderstorm, and in return the samurai showered the temple with donations — maneki neko translates to “beckoning cat.”

A ladybug sitting on a woman's finger.
Credit: George Popa/ Shutterstock

Ladybugs

Ladybugs are incredibly beneficial insects to any gardener, killing nasty common pests like aphids and mealybugs. It’s possible that this is the origin of their purported good luck, too — farmers saw ladybugs’ arrival as a sign that their crops would thrive. Today, a ladybug landing on you is still considered good luck.

Some ladybug beliefs get even more specific: If you make a wish while holding a ladybug, the direction it flies will supposedly be where your good luck will come from. A ladybug landing on you while you’re sick will supposedly heal you. Counting spots will tell you how many months of good luck you’ll have, or how much money you’ll gain, or any other numerical luck-related inquiry. On the flip side, if you kill a ladybug, it’s supposed to bring heavy misfortune your way, and this belief is found in many cultures.

Red pin marked on the seventh calendar day.
Credit: Serdarbayraktar/ iStock

The Number 7

Seven is widely considered a lucky number — but if there’s a specific origin for the belief, it happened a long, long time ago, possibly in ancient Sumer. Humanity seems to have a general fascination with the number: There are seven days in the week and seven wonders of the world. Medieval scholars studied seven subjects, together known as the “liberal arts” (grammar, rhetoric, logic, music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy). Shakespeare’s All the World’s a Stage monologue describes the seven ages of man. Most major religions give significance to the number, too. Part of the reason may be mathematical: It’s the only number we can count on our hands that can’t be multiplied or divided by any other number countable on our digits.

Sarah Anne Lloyd
Writer

Sarah Anne Lloyd is a freelance writer whose work covers a bit of everything, including politics, design, the environment, and yoga. Her work has appeared in Curbed, the Seattle Times, the Stranger, the Verge, and others.

Original photo by AFF/ Alamy Stock Photo

Visit Los Angeles’ Hollywood neighborhood and you’ll walk sidewalks unlike any other. That’s where you’ll find the Hollywood Walk of Fame, featuring brass and terrazzo stars inscribed with the names of some of Hollywood’s most influential actors, directors, producers, and even fictional characters. The Walk of Fame laid its first star in 1960, and more than 60 years later, the institution continues to add around 20 to 30 names every year. These seven facts explore how this entertainment landmark came to be, the kind of people it honors, and some of the twists and turns it’s taken along the way.

The original HOLLYWOOD HOTEL on Hollywood Boulevard.
Credit: Masheter Movie Archive/ Alamy Stock Photo

The Ceiling of a Hollywood Hotel Possibly Inspired the Walk of Fame

The idea for the Walk of Fame is credited to E. M. Stuart, who served as the volunteer president of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce in the mid-1950s. According to the Walk of Fame website, Stuart wrote in 1953 that a monument like the walk would “maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world.”

In the 1950s, Hollywood still stood at the center of the world’s entertainment industry, though its golden age had begun to fade in 1948 when the U.S. Supreme Court broke up movie studios’ monopolistic grip on movie theaters. Stuart may have been motivated by wanting to preserve those glory days when the idea for the Walk of Fame began to coalesce. Where Stuart got the idea for the Walk of Fame is a matter of debate, but the leading theory is that the dining room ceiling of the Hollywood Hotel (demolished in 1956) used to feature stars with the names of famous actors and actresses written on them. Stuart may have simply brought that entertainment tradition onto the streets of Hollywood itself.

American film director Stanley Kramer.
Credit: Evening Standard/ Hulton Archive via Getty Images

The First Star Added to the Walk of Fame Belonged to Filmmaker Stanley Kramer

To get the Hollywood Walk of Fame off to a strong start and to drum up excitement, the creators made a sample walk in 1958, which included stars for Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, Ernest Torrence, and Joanne Woodward. Although Woodward is often cited as the first recipient, the inaugural star laid at today’s Hollywood Walk of Fame belonged to director/producer Stanley Kramer (It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, The Defiant Ones, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner); it was laid on March 28, 1960, near Hollywood Boulevard and Gower Street. However, Kramer was soon only one among many — 1,558 stars were installed in just the first year alone.

Patty Mc Cormack star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Credit: Hayk Shalunts/ Alamy Stock Photo

The Youngest Person at Induction Was 15-Year-Old Patty McCormack

While it usually takes time to develop an entertainment career worthy of a Hollywood star, actress Patty McCormack achieved the feat in record time. As part of the initial creation of the Hollywood Walk of Fame, McCormack received a star at only 15 years old — making her the youngest person to receive the honor. Starting her career as a child model at age 4, she transitioned to television at age 7 and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film The Bad Seed when she was only 11 years old.

On the other end of the spectrum, the oldest living person ever to receive a Hollywood star was 93-year-old James Hong, who was inducted in 2022. Hong racked up more than 400 screen credits during his decades-long career, including Blade Runner, Big Trouble in Little China, and Everything Everywhere All At Once — an “oh, it’s that guy” kind of actor.

Visitors walk along Hollywood Walk of Fame on Hollywood Boulevard.
Credit: Bob Riha Jr/ Archive Photos via Getty Images

The Walk of Fame Stagnated for 8 Years in the 1960s

Despite nearly seven years of planning and after installing nearly 1,600 stars within the first year, the Hollywood Walk of Fame took an eight-year-long hiatus almost immediately, and inducted no one new until 1968. Some attributed the delay to worries related to urban decay in the Hollywood area during the ’60s and ’70s. However, the Walk of Fame website says the Los Angeles City Council approved an ordinance in 1962 that required the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce to revamp their selection and financing process — a task that took years to complete. Finally, in 1968, a new star belonging to producer Richard D. Zanuck was installed in front of Grauman’s Chinese Theatre (now the TCL Chinese Theatre).

However, the Walk of Fame has faced other rough patches and controversies over the years. A handful of stars have been stolen, damaged, or vandalized; in many such cases,  the person depicted on the star later became the subject of controversy. While petitions have often called for the removal of certain Hollywood stars, it’ll likely never happen, as the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce says the memorial is “a historic landmark” and that “stars once installed, are considered part of the historic fabric of the Walk.”

Muhammad Ali Celebrates his 60th Birthday with a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Credit: Ron Galella via Getty Images

Muhammad Ali Is the Only Star Not on the Ground

In 2002, world-famous boxer Muhammad Ali received a Hollywood Walk of a Fame star that was quite unlike the others in one big way — it wasn’t on the ground. Instead, Ali’s star was installed on the Kodak Theatre (now the Dolby Theater) entertainment complex wall. This exception was granted due to Ali’s initial refusal of the accolade because he didn’t want his name disrespected by “people who have no respect for me” by walking on it. This wasn’t about superstar ego (at least, not solely), but a statement of reverence for what his name represented and his Muslim faith. “I bear the name of our beloved prophet Mohammad,” Ali said at the time, “and it is impossible that I allow people to trample over his name.” The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce agreed with his wishes, and Ali’s star, the Walk of Fame’s 2,189th, became the first — and only — star to ever be mounted on a wall.

Liza Minnelli Honored With a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Credit: Ron Galella via Getty Images

A Hollywood Star Comes With a $75,000 Fee

Every year, the Walk of Fame Committee receives around 200 submissions and selects two dozen or so applicants. However, the Walk of Fame is a nonprofit, so nominees (usually their movie studios or record labels) have to pony up some serious cash if they want to join the ranks — and like pretty much everything else, the price of a Hollywood star is subject to inflation. In 1987, a Hollywood star set you back some $3,500, but as of 2024 that number has skyrocketed to $75,000, which covers the creation of the 300-pound star as well as installation, upkeep, and things like floral arrangements upon the honoree’s death. Sometimes impassioned fans of stars will take it upon themselves to honor celebrities: In the early ’90s, for example, Liza Minnelli was nominated by superfans who held movie nights and bake sales to raise the money. Note that celebrities are required to show up to the installation, a rule known as the “Springsteen clause” after the New Jersey musician didn’t show up to his own ceremony.

Godzilla Honored with a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Credit: Albert L. Ortega/ WireImage via Getty Image

Not All Stars on the Walk of Fame Honor People

While the Hollywood Walk of Fame is a monument to the many people who made cinema what it is today, the popular memorial doesn’t limit itself to Homo sapiens. Three live-action canines can be found on the Walk of Fame, including Strongheart, Rin Tin Tin, and Lassie, who was portrayed by a variety of border collies throughout the years. While those are the only animal actors (Flipper got robbed), the Walk of Fame is host to many other nonhumans in the form of 19 fictional characters. This imaginary cohort includes such silver-screen luminaries as Big Bird, Godzilla, Pee-wee Herman, the Simpsons, Snow White, and Woody Woodpecker. But perhaps the strangest addition to the Hollywood Walk of Fame is the Chevrolet Suburban, the only inanimate object awarded the honor. It has apparently “starred” in more than 1,750 films.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by gahsoon/ iStock

We interact with many industries every day with little idea about what’s going on behind the scenes — unless, of course, you’re in the industry in question or know someone who is. These seven secrets reveal surprising truths behind grocery store brands, the hospitality world, and entertainment. They used to be hush-hush, before the internet gave people a platform to share their knowledge. Be careful: You may never look at weddings, hotels, or outlet shopping the same way again.

Close-up of a claw arcade game.
Credit: Suzanne Tucker/ Shutterstock

Claw Games Aren’t Just Rigged — They’re Adjustable

If you’ve ever gotten a toy out of one of those coin-operated claw games, good for you! It’s rigged to be a lot harder than it looks. The machine is designed to have a strong grip for only part of the time, so that moment of joy when the claw hooks onto your favorite plush, immediately followed by the disappointment when it doesn’t actually lift it, is absolutely by design — and the machine’s owner can actually adjust the claw’s strength and how often it drops the prize. In one popular machine, they can even input their desired profit level and have the machine adjust automatically.

A woman choosing products in grocery store.
Credit: STEKLO/ Shutterstock

Sometimes the Grocery Store Brand Is the Same as the Name Brand

There isn’t a single factory that makes every Trader Joe’s or Kirkland Signature product. They typically come from a third-party vendor before the label gets slapped on. These products made by one company and branded by another are called private label products.

Sometimes, store brand products are made by companies that mostly make store brands, but sometimes, they come from more expensive name brands, or from suppliers that also supply name brands.

Wonderful Pistachios and Trader Joe’s pistachios have come from the same place. Naked Juice has supplied the chain with some of its smoothies, too. Duracell makes Kirkland Signature batteries. Kirkland Signature diapers come from the maker of Huggies. Trader Joe’s and Kirkland Signature bourbon has ties to some highfalutin whiskey brands, too. Dole supplies salads and vegetables to Walmart, Kroger, and H-E-B, although Kroger does make around 40% of its own generic products. Sometimes grocery brands even make things for their competitors, like Safeway-owned Lucerne, which makes dairy products for other chains.

Showroom in the upholstered furniture store department.
Credit: aappp/ Shutterstock

Different Brands Sell the Exact Same Furniture at Different Prices

White label products are similar to private label products, but with one key difference: White label stuff comes already fully made and ready for distribution with little to no customization. This is especially common in online furniture sales. It’s why you’ll see different names and different prices for the exact same product on Wayfair, Amazon, Target, and other retailers — even more expensive places like Urban Outfitters and Pottery Barn. Usually these products are sold using the same stock image, so even though they have different names, you can comparison shop using a reverse image search. Services such as Spoken are also trying to streamline that process.

A woman putting white fitted sheet over mattress.
Credit: New Africa/ Shutterstock

Hotel Bedding Doesn’t Always Get Cleaned

You’ll find plenty of anecdotes online from hotel employees about bedding left unchanged, particularly blankets — and unfortunately, there’s reporting to back it up. In 2016, Inside Edition checked into nine hotel rooms, wrote messages readable by UV light on the bedding, then checked into the same rooms the next day under different names. In three of them, at least some of the bedding hadn’t been changed. They repeated the experiment a few years later at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and again found marked bedding in three hotels, including one that went for $600 a night.

Bride With Wedding Planner.
Credit: oliveromg/ Shutterstock

Vendors Charge More for Weddings, but Sometimes They Have a Good Reason

It’s a pretty open industry secret that hospitality vendors such as party planners, photographers, and caterers charge more for weddings, which is sometimes known as the “wedding tax.” It’s an overwhelming event to plan and, because it ideally only happens once in your life, it’s hard to get a handle on what a good deal is.

But if you end up paying a vendor more than what you’d pay them for a family reunion, you didn’t get hosed. Special wedding rates exist not to scam clients, but because weddings are more hands-on than other events (sometimes called “high touch”), with extremely high stakes.

Your best bet isn’t necessarily to find the cheapest vendor or avoid wedding prices — but you’ll want to find businesses with transparent pricing so you don’t get any surprises down the line.

Red stand with big 70 percent discount price in shopping center.
Credit: Wizard Goodvin/ Shutterstock

Some Clothing Is Made to Go Directly to Outlets

When you shop at an outlet store or a discount retailer like Marshalls or Ross, it can feel like you’re getting a great deal on name brands — but that’s not always the case, even when a label is genuine. Fashion companies actually make lower-quality lines that go directly to outlets and discount stores without hitting the regular racks first. They could be made of lower-quality fabric, have different embellishments, or be manufactured more cheaply.

Sometimes, retailers even make up the full price that ends up on the tag as a comparison so it looks like you’re saving a ton. This goes for both mid-tier brands like Gap and designer labels like Coach. It doesn’t apply to everything and every outlet store, but it’s an extremely common practice, so pay close attention to make sure you’re actually getting the deal you want.

Crew on set discussing the scene that was just recorded.
Credit: Kzenon/ Shutterstock

Behind the scenes, one of the biggest influencers of what you see on your TV are Standards and Practices (S&P) departments, which review content for its moral and ethical aspects, as well as legal liabilities.

Sometimes this is pretty straightforward; Telemundo, for example, has a rule that protagonists in children’s programming need to be following general safety guidelines like wearing seat belts. But sometimes these departments demand revisions that seem strange or arbitrary. A character in one Cartoon Network show was allowed to ride on the hood of a car as long as he was shown wearing a seat belt. One storyboard artist tweeted that she’d been asked to change finger guns to just pointing fingers. The Disney film Lilo & Stitch originally had a main character hiding in a dryer in the theatrical and first DVD releases, but the dryer was altered to a shelf and a pizza box in later versions.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.