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At a time when youth seemed to carry the banner for pop culture, a show about seniors couldn’t have gone more against the trends. But with its witty characters living their best lives despite hitting retirement age, the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls was an instant hit, becoming the No. 1 show in the Nielsen ratings in its first week in September 1985.

Called a “geriatric comedy” by the Associated Press, the secret formula was in the relatability of the storylines and the sharply written script about the friendships between four women living together in Miami Beach. The all-star cast was made of faces already familiar on the small screen, including Maude costars Bea Arthur and Rue McClanahan as tough-as-nails Dorothy Zbornak and flirty Southern belle Blanche Devereaux, respectively, and The Mary Tyler Moore Show’s Betty White as innocent, ditzy Midwesterner Rose Nylund. Stage star Estelle Getty rounded out the group as Dorothy’s mother, the ever-blunt Sophia Petrillo.

The seven-season show has continued to transcend the generations, particularly finding a fan base among the LBGT community. Here, we travel down the road and back again to unveil 10 facts about the groundbreaking television show.

A Golden Girls script signed by Bea Arthur, Rue McClanahan and Betty White.
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The Show Was Given a 13-Episode Order Before There Was a Script

During NBC’s promotional program for the 1984 season, Night Court’s Selma Diamond was introducing Miami Vice in a comedy sketch and joked, “‘Miami Nice?’ It must be about a bunch of old people sitting around playing pinochle.”

The idea stuck with NBC president Brandon Tartikoff, and when producers Paul Witt and Tony Thomas came into his office to pitch a new show a few weeks later, he passed on their idea but instead gave them an assignment: “Take some women around 60. Society has written them off, has said they’re over the hill. We want them to be feisty as hell and having a great time.” Witt responded that NBC would never put it on the air. Fully confident the show would be a success, it was given a 13-episode commitment before there was even a script.

Close-up of Betty White.
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White Was Supposed to Play Blanche and McClanahan Was Originally Rose

Best known at the time as the “neighborhood nymphomaniac” Sue Ann Nevins from the classic 1970s sitcom The Mary Tyler Moore Show, White was “thrilled at [the idea of playing] Blanche,” who was reminiscent of her previous character. Meanwhile, McClanahan was sent the script under the assumption she would audition for Rose. While she loved the script, McClanahan told her agent, “I can’t play Rose, I’ve got to play Blanche.” However, she was told Blanche was going to White, so she should focus on Rose.

During the casting process, director Jay Sandrich decided to switch things up and had the women read the opposite roles. “She did a beautiful, funny job,” McClanahan said of White’s on-the-spot role reversal. And White says of McClanahan being the perfect fit for Blanche: “[She took it] out into orbit where I never would have had the guts to go.”

Close-up of Charles Levin, actor on The Golden Girls.
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A Gay Cook Named Coco Was Part of the Ensemble

The essence of The Golden Girls’ premise is female empowerment. Yet there was still a bit of hesitation over a cast of just women. So in the pilot episode, there was another character: a gay housekeeper named Coco, played by Charles Levin. He was a “​​friend-slash-manservant,” as The Atlantic put it.

In the premiere, Coco offers them tea, makes enchiladas rancheros, and at one point, Sophia sums him up as “the fancy man in the kitchen.” Nevertheless, it was quickly decided that his presence wasn’t needed, and Coco vanished by the second episode.

Scene from TV series The Golden Girls.
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Blanche Had 165 Relationships

The women were never shy to share tales of their sexual endeavors. Refinery 29 completed a study of all seven seasons and tallied up their escapades. Blanche — to no one’s surprise — topped the list, having been with 165 men. She declared in season six that she has been in 143 relationships, and the website factored in her late husband plus 22 other unspecified men.

In a distant second was Dorothy — whose on- and off-again relationship with Stan drove much of the storyline — with a count of 43. Rose came in third with 30 men, even though she was the first to be seen in bed with a man on the show. Sophia’s total count is 25, including her supposed secret first husband, Julio Iglesias.

A view of The Golden Girls cast members.
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None of the Women Were Like Their Characters

While the line between their characters and their real-personalities was blurred to the public, McClanahan says none of them were anything like their characters. “Betty, probably least of all … Betty has nothing but brains,” she said. McClanahan believed Getty was perhaps closest to Sicily-born Brooklynite Sophia, “although she was not at all pushy and vitriolic — Estelle was just funny. She was ‘Jewish New York’ funny.”

As for Arthur, McClanahan said Dorothy’s failures in life were the polar opposite of Arthur’s successes, saying she has a “very funny take on people and quick-witted.” For her part, the Oklahoma native is quick to point out her character is from Atlanta and she’s not, implying they have nothing in common.

Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, waves to the crowd who have gathered at Clarence House.
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The Cast Once Performed for the Queen Mother

Queen Elizabeth II’s mom, the Queen Mother, was such a fan of the show that she had the four leads perform at the London Palladium in 1988 during the Royal Variety Performance. The cast performed two of their kitchen table scenes and made sure to censor a few things to not offend the royals in attendance.

That said, the Queen Mum did have a sense of humor. One joke that was left intact was Dorothy asking Blanche how long she waited to have sex after her husband died, with Sophia wittingly interjecting, “Until the paramedics came.” The response made the often-reserved royal laugh out loud.

A whole New York cheesecake with a slice cut out.
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More Than 100 Cheesecakes Were Eaten During the Show

On the show, there were very few problems that a slice of cheesecake couldn’t solve, from small scuffles to big life crises. Throughout seven seasons, more than 100 cheesecakes were eaten during the ladies’ late-night kitchen table commiserations.

However,  if you look closely, you’ll notice that Dorothy rarely takes a bite. In real life, Arthur reportedly hated cheesecake.

Scene from tv show The Golden Girls.
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There’s Another Theme Song Verse About Aging

As one of the most recognizable — and beloved — theme songs in television history, “Thank You For Being a Friend,” performed by Cynthia Fee, captures the enduring value of friendship through its lyrics, especially with its memorable lines like, “If you threw a party, invited everyone you knew / You would see the biggest gift would be from me / And the card attached would say, ‘Thank you for being a friend.’”

But the songwriter who also originally performed the song, Andrew Gold, thought the 1978 song was a “little throwaway thing” he wrote in about an hour. Years before the show came along, he also had another verse in there that oddly hit the show right on the nose. “And when we both get older, with walking canes and hair of gray / Have no fear, even though it’s hard to hear. I will stand real close and say, ‘Thank you for being a friend.’” As appropriate as it was for the premise, that verse never made it onto the show.

A view of the cast members of The Golden Girls.
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White Was the Oldest of the Ensemble — And Lived the Longest

Despite Getty’s character being the oldest of the bunch, White was actually the eldest of the four actresses. She was 63 when The Golden Girls began, about four months older than Arthur. Getty’s character would have been 79 when the show started, but she was actually 62 at the time of the first show. McClanahan was the youngest of the bunch.

In 2008, Getty was the first Golden Girl to pass. She was followed by Arthur in 2009, McClanahan in 2010, and White in 2021, just weeks shy of her 100th birthday.

Rue McClanahan, Estelle Getty and Betty White at the Emmys.
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Each of the Four Stars Won an Emmy Award

The show was an Emmys darling from the start, eventually accumulating 68 nominations and 11 awards, with each of the four leads taking home a trophy at one point. Arthur, McClanahan, and White all received Best Actress nods in 1986, with White winning the honors. The following year, it was McClanahan who clinched the title, and then in 1988, it was Arthur’s turn —  as well as Getty’s, who earned the Supporting Actress honor. During her speech, Arthur noted that her thank-yous were from “the four of us” since “we’ve all won.”

Interesting Facts
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Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

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Once associated with soggy, nutrient-deficient meals doled out by overworked parents and unmotivated students, frozen foods have developed into a $250 billion global industry that offers a wide range of choices to satisfy both the health-conscious and those with a sweet tooth. Warm up a tray of your favorite Hungry Man or Lean Cuisine dish and dig in for these six fun facts about the wonders of frozen dining.

Boxes of Bird's Eye frozen foods as they move along a conveyor belt.
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Clarence Birdseye Introduced the First Commercial Frozen Foods

The frozen food business as we know it can be traced to the efforts of naturalist, businessman, and inventor Clarence Birdseye, who enjoyed his fill of thawed-out fish during an early 20th-century summer spent in eastern Canada. Recognizing that quick freezing was the key to preserving a food’s freshness and texture, Birdseye patented two methods for doing so by the late 1920s. Aided by the sale of his General Foods Company to Postum Cereal, which offered superior infrastructure for distribution and marketing, the first line of Birdseye “frosted” fish, meats, fruits, and vegetables began appearing in stores in 1930.

Bottles of ice cold orange juice.
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Richard Nixon Once Headed a Frozen Orange Juice Company

In the late 1930s, while president of a company called Citra-Frost, Richard Nixon sensed an opportunity to bring a frozen orange juice product to market. Nixon was even willing to roll up his sleeves to do the pulpy work, which meant late nights of cutting and squeezing oranges after finishing a day’s work at his law firm. Alas, the means for turning juice into a frozen concentrate would not become a reality until the next decade, and after the company’s inventory blew apart a refrigerated boxcar, a nearly bankrupt Nixon decided he was best off sticking with the law.

Swanson frozen chicken pot pie tv dinner in packaging.
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Swanson Popularized the TV Dinner

The first fully realized, ready-to-be-thawed meal was developed by inventor William Maxson, who began supplying the U.S. military and airlines with his “Strato-Plates” in the mid-1940s. His death opened the door for FridgiDinners and Frozen Dinners, Inc. to emerge as the product’s first commercial leaders, before Swanson cornered the market with the introduction of its famous “TV dinner” in 1954. However, the creator of this particular emblem of postwar Americana remains up for debate; for decades, Swanson salesman Gerry Thomas claimed the TV dinner was his idea, although other employees have since stepped forward to credit the company’s founders, Gilbert and Clarke Swanson.

Full of bucket containers of ice cream flavors and ice cubes in a freezer.
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Americans Have Enjoyed Ice Cream Since Colonial Times

Any detailed discussion of frozen food would be incomplete without mention of the milk, cream, and sugar-based delight known as ice cream. Allegedly brought from the Far East by Marco Polo, the early iterations of ice cream’s close cousin, gelato, appeared in Europe in the 17th century. From there, the frozen treat followed settlers to the New World, with Founding Fathers George Washington and Thomas Jefferson known to indulge themselves as often as possible. (In fact, Jefferson was the first known American to write down a recipe for ice cream.) Modern concoctions like the ice cream sundae and milkshake appeared by the late 19th century, and nowadays, we all eat like Founding Fathers by gobbling down an estimated 20 pounds of ice cream per year.

Totino's Pizza Rolls in the freezer section of a grocery store.
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Totino’s Became the First Frozen Pizza Giant

Recognizing the home market potential for the pizza restaurants that were surging in popularity, Philadelphian Joseph Bucci filed a patent for his “Method for Making Frozen Pizza” in 1950. Alas, other entrepreneurs were already turning a profit with frozen pizza sales by the time the patent was approved in 1954, relegating Bucci to a footnote in the food’s history. Ultimately, it was Rose and Jim Totino who emerged as the big dogs of the business, after shuttering their restaurant to focus on a frozen pizza line in the early 1960s. While Totino’s soon faced healthy competition from Tombstone and Red Baron, and was eventually surpassed by the rising crust innovation of DiGiorno, the unveiling of Totino’s Pizza Rolls in 1993 ensured that the brand name would endure among snackers everywhere.

Traditional thai food named pad kra pao in frozen food container.
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There’s a Frozen Food Hall of Fame

While it lacks the prestige of, say, the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the Frozen Food Hall of Fame at least bestows a measure of immortality on the trailblazers who shaped this well-preserved corner of the culinary market. The Frozen Food Hall of Fame was established in 1990 by the Distinguished Order of Zerocrats, a very real and presumably tongue-in-cheek-named organization of industry insiders who gather every year to celebrate the latest round of inductees. Clarence Birdseye was among the headliners of the hall’s first class, while Rose Totino became the first woman to be enshrined in 1993.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

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Clouds have a way of capturing our attention. They can tower majestically over a crimson sunset, pack millions of gallons of water in a foreboding gray mass, or even resemble cute animals. But aside from their aesthetic appeal, clouds serve important functions in nature, acting as barriers for heat moving in and out of Earth’s atmosphere and regulating the planet’s climate. Here are six fascinating facts about clouds that will hopefully leave you feeling lighter than air.

Altocumulus lenticularis (also known as lenticular clouds).
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There Are 10 Basic Types of Clouds

Clouds are composed of water droplets or ice crystals, but not all clouds are created equal. According to the World Meteorological Organization’s International Cloud Atlas, there are 10 major cloud types, grouped by their distance from the Earth’s surface, which affects their appearance and composition. Low-level clouds — which are less than 6,500 feet from the ground and mainly composed of liquid water droplets — include cumulus, cumulonimbus, stratus, and stratocumulus clouds. The mid-level (6,500 to 23,000 feet) group — often composed of a mix of water droplets and ice crystals — includes altocumulus, altostratus, and nimbostratus clouds. Finally, high-altitude (16,500 to 45,000 feet) clouds are composed entirely of ice crystals and take on a feathery or wispy appearance; this group includes cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus clouds. Additionally, clouds are grouped into 15 different species, classified by shape and structure, with those species further subclassified according to variety and supplementary features.

Dawn over Cumulus Clouds on Hawaii.
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Clouds Are Much Heavier Than They Look

Although clouds can resemble big, buoyant puffs of cotton, looks can be deceiving. For example, a cumulus cloud measuring 1 cubic kilometer contains approximately 500 million grams of water droplets, equaling 1.1 million pounds — or about the weight of 100 elephants. So how exactly are these massive water containers able to “float” in the sky? It helps that moist air is actually lighter than the surrounding dry air. And while a cloud’s heavier droplets will fall to the ground, most droplets are too minuscule to be affected by gravity. Instead, these droplets are pushed farther away from the ground by a process known as atmospheric updrafts.

Airplane in the sky with a trace of steam contrail.
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Some Clouds Are Human-Made

We’ve all looked up to the sky at some point and seen contrails, the streams left in the wake of high-flying aircraft. These line-shaped clouds consist of water vapor from aircraft engine exhaust that has condensed into ice crystals, essentially turning them into a temporary batch of artificially-made cirrus clouds. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, research has shown that, while contrails are not dangerous to humans, these high-altitude trails trap heat and impact the climate significantly.

Planet Earth, Venus, Moon and Sun.
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Clouds Are Found on Other Planets

Clouds are not solely an Earthly phenomenon. The basic physics behind cloud formation — atmospheric gases cooling into a solid form and sustained in droplets — also apply to other planets within our solar system and beyond. However, these extraterrestrial floaters often have entirely different (and dangerous) compositions than the clouds on Earth. The thick clouds of Venus, for example, are composed of sulfuric acid, while those of the gas giant Jupiter can be bursting with ammonia compounds.

Airplanes, in flight, with clouds in the distance, photographed during the Vietnam War.
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Americans Weaponized Clouds During the Vietnam War

During the Vietnam War, U.S. forces engaged in “cloud seeding” to increase rainfall and dampen the enemy’s ground efforts in a project dubbed Operation Popeye. Introduced in 1967, Operation Popeye was a five-year campaign that called for plane crews to ignite canisters of silver and lead iodide and direct the smoke into ongoing storms above Vietnam. It’s unclear how much cloud seeding aided the American cause, but after the extent of the top-secret campaign became public, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee convened to discuss the matter in 1974. Later, an international treaty was introduced to ban future weather manipulation by military forces.

China shenzhen Skyscraper covered with clouds.
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Clouds Are a Symbol of Good Luck in China

As the saying goes, no one wants a cloud to rain on their parade, but in Chinese culture, the presence of “auspicious” clouds is an omen of good fortune. In Chinese mythology, clouds serve as a means of transport for divine figures, and also represent a physical barrier between their world and those of mortals. As such, these motifs were frequently depicted in traditional art, while writings of the Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644) and Qing Dynasty (1636 to 1912) were filled with references to auspicious clouds. The significance of these symbols remains strong in modern times, with lucky clouds prominently featured on the uniforms of Chinese athletes for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Tim Ott
Writer

Tim Ott has written for sites including Biography.com, History.com, and MLB.com, and is known to delude himself into thinking he can craft a marketable screenplay.

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Few inventions are as indispensable to modern life as the World Wide Web. Created by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, this now-ubiquitous application consists of interconnected hyperlinks that connect information located on servers around the world. After sending a request to a server for a particular webpage, a web browser interprets that information and displays it on computers, tablets, phones, or even watches. Today, there are nearly three times as many connected devices as there are people living on Earth, and the web forms the backbone of human communication and commerce around the globe. These eight fascinating World Wide Web facts show how one of modern life’s most pivotal inventions came to be — and what its future might look like.

Table top full of electronic products.
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The Web and the Internet Are Two Different Things

Every time someone uses the words “internet” and “web” interchangeably, a computer scientist sheds a tear. All jokes aside, the internet, first conceived in 1969, refers to the system of networked computers which makes things like web browsers, web pages, and other applications possible. In other words, the internet is the mostly invisible infrastructure that supports all the wonders of the World Wide Web.

A popular analogy to describe the difference between the two is to picture the internet as a system of highways and the web as the objects you see on those highways, such as buildings, gas stations, or billboards. All the vehicles that travel those highways, stop at stores, and drive to other locations are the data packets zooming around the network and, by extension, the entire world. So while you are technically using the web when you’re watching YouTube, for example, it’s really the internet that makes it possible.

A guest takes a picture of the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) logo.
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The Very First Website Belongs to CERN (Yes, That CERN)

Today, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, or CERN, is best known for its Large Hadron Collider, the world’s largest particle accelerator which is currently exploring the frontiers of physics. But few know that it’s also where the World Wide Web got its start.

Much like in 1969 — when the first internet connection was established between Stanford University and the University of California, Los Angeles — the web was created for the primary purpose of sharing information between scientists working at universities and institutes around the world. As a computer scientist at CERN, Berners-Lee submitted an early proposal for information management outlining what would eventually become the web, but after reading the paper, his supervisor wrote in the margins “vague, but exciting.” Berners-Lee continued working on the project until finally launching the world’s first website on August 6, 1991. Less than two years later, CERN released the software into the public domain, and the World Wide Web took off. In 2013, CERN launched a program dedicated to preserving the world’s very first website: info.cern.ch.

Tim Berners-Lee, British Physicist turned Programmer, Inventor of the World Wide Web.
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The Web Was Almost Called the “Mesh”

Although the name “web” is a surprisingly accurate descriptor for how the technology works, it wasn’t the original moniker. Berners-Lee threw around a few ideas, such as the “Information Mine” or the slight variation “Mine of Information,” but in its early stages, he referred to his creation simply as “mesh.” It wasn’t until sometime in 1990, when Berners-Lee was writing the code, that he opted for the name “World Wide Web,” since “mesh” sounded too similar to “mess.” Today, the word “mesh” commonly describes a local network of nodes, usually in reference to a Wi-Fi network, in which each node connects seamlessly with a central node instead of using various extenders to repeat a signal.

Steve Jobs stands behind his NeXT computer during the NeXT launch event.
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The First Web Server Was a Steve Jobs Creation

In the history of computing, Steve Jobs tends to show up in the most unlikely of places. When Jobs left Apple in 1985, the famous tech guru formed NeXT, Inc., the company responsible for building the NeXTcube. CERN approved the purchase of a NeXTcube so Berners-Lee could flesh out his idea for the web. When the web finally launched, the NeXTcube became the world’s first web server. Strangely, it also meant that if the computer were turned off — the entire web went down with it. Maybe that’s why the original NeXTcube, now housed in the London’s Science Museum, has a handwritten note warning: “This machine is a server. DO NOT POWER DOWN!!”

Closeup of 404 Error Sign in Internet Browser on LCD Screen.
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The Dreaded “404 Error” Is Immensely Important

Most people groan when met with a pesky “404 not found” error message on a website, but the web itself couldn’t exist without it. The web’s major innovation was its ability to connect various information with hyperlinks — and also its ability not to. In the proto-web days, hyperlinks were added to a central database to make sure they always supplied the correct information; if the link changed in any way, it was updated in the database. This worked for small computer networks, but as the internet grew, it became nearly impossible to keep an accurate register of all hyperlinks simultaneously.

Berners-Lee came up with a simple yet groundbreaking solution: just don’t keep track of them. Similar to how the concept of zero revolutionized mathematics, so too did the idea that a hypertext link could just lead to an error message. Although this led to an increased rate of “link rot” (half of all online links cease to work in five to 10 years), it untethered the web from the restrictions of a centralized register.

Rear view of group of people in a computer seminar.
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A New York Librarian Coined the Phrase “Surfing the Net”

In 1981, Jean Armour Polly convinced the Liverpool Public Library near Syracuse, New York, to purchase an Apple II Plus for public use. At the time, the small library was one of only two libraries in the U.S. with a computer. While her colleagues argued that computers weren’t a “core mission” of the library, Polly forged ahead and became one of the internet’s earliest pioneers.

In 1992, Polly used her newfound knowledge to write a guide about how to use the internet called Surfing the Internet: An Introduction. Although gaining little attention at the time, Polly shared the article again when working at nonprofit research group NYSERnet, one of New York’s first internet providers. This time, it went “viral” so to speak — Polly’s “surfing” terminology stuck, and in 2019, the small-town New York librarian, known to history as the “net-mom,” was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.

Website designer Creative planning.
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Today, There Are Nearly 2 Billion Websites

It all started with just one small website in 1991, but in the decades since, the web has blossomed into nearly 2 billion websites, as of 2022. The number of registered websites hit the 1 billion mark in 2014, as commemorated by Berners-Lee himself, but the amount nearly doubled in only eight years.

Estimated projections show that in 2050, the World Wide Web will contain 37 petabytes (a petabyte is a massive unit of data equal to 1 million gigabytes). To put that in perspective, the Wayback Machine — a digital collection of past web pages maintained by the Internet Archive — contains over 700 billion pages and only clocks in at about 70 petabytes (as of 2020). And when it comes to global traffic, the numbers are even more astounding. According to the networking company Cisco, web traffic will reach 1 zettabyte in 2022 — that’s 1 trillion gigabytes if you’re keeping count.

Sir Tim Berners-Lee accepts his Webby Lifetime Achievement Award.
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The Web’s Creator Has Mixed Feelings About It

When Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, his vision was purely utopian — to create a place where anyone could access the best and most reliable information in the world at any time. Of course, over the past three decades, the web has evolved in other directions since then, from scammers and hackers to the spread of misinformation. Although disappointed, Berners-Lee hasn’t given up on that original utopian dream. For the web’s 30th anniversary in 2019, Sir Tim (he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004) called for companies and governments to safeguard the web, saying, “It’s no longer a simple, star-spangled, unicorn-sky world…[but] it’ll be worth the effort to make sure the web is a nice and constructive place, because it’ll be so wonderful to be in.”

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

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Most states have a variety of official symbols, from trees to birds to flowers, and while many also have iconic regional dishes, not every state has declared an official food. The culinary designations that do exist can be pretty specific — for instance, there are several states with official muffins. And while sometimes they’re a little more general, as in the case of the official state snack, state foods are often no less surprising. Read on to learn about some of the foods you didn’t know were official snacks, as well as some other surprising state grub.

Hand depositing container of lowfat plain La Yogurt.
Credit: James Keyser/ The Chronicle Collection via Getty Images

New York: Yogurt

New York is the most recent state to appoint an official state snack, and despite the abundance of iconic foods people associate with New York — from pizza to bagels to chopped cheese sandwiches and beyond — they went with yogurt. The decision wasn’t entirely out of nowhere: the state has, in the past, been designated the yogurt capital of the country, with most of the nation’s supply being manufactured upstate. There were some naysayers, however, and the 2014 hearing at the State Senate in Albany has been described as “animated” and “heated,” with some senators worrying about lactose intolerance, and whether or not a breakfast food counted as a snack. The yogurt proposal was brought forth by a fourth-grade class in western New York and, according to Senator Michael H. Ranzenhofer, who sponsored the bill, truly demonstrated democracy in action.

Texas: Chips and Salsa

One of the best parts of Tex-Mex dining is the basket of tortilla chips and bowl of salsa that appear on your table the moment you sit down. In 2003, the ubiquitous pair was appointed the state’s official snack, not only because of its wide-reaching popularity throughout the state, but because of the historical, cultural, agricultural, and economic significance of the dish’s ingredients. The 78th Legislature of the State of Texas highlights not only that “tortilla chips and salsa enjoy popularity ratings in the stratosphere,” but that the corn, peppers, onions, and tomatoes used to make the dish have fed the state’s ancestors for centuries, and even served as important components in Texas folk medicine. Corn, onion, tomato, and jalapeno crops, meanwhile, were major drivers of the state’s economy at the time. “They constitute a much savored part of our shared cultural identity,” the resolution stated, showing just how deep the reverence for the beloved appetizer really is.

A freshly popped bag of microwave popcorn.
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Illinois: Popcorn

Illinois might not be the first place that comes to mind when you think of popcorn. In fact, while the state does boast more than 300 popcorn farms across almost 50,000 acres, it’s only the third biggest U.S. producer behind Nebraska and Indiana. But in 2003, after a group of second and third graders from Joliet Elementary School proposed that popcorn be given official state snack status, Senator Larry Walsh sponsored the bill and successfully earned the all-time classic snack its due. There was some unusually tough competition for the title: Beer Nuts, Lemonhead candy, Doritos, and Cheetos were all mentioned (if not outright fought for), but in the end, the humble kernel came out on top.  

South Carolina: Boiled Peanuts

Boiled peanuts have been a southern staple since the 1800s, and in 2006, South Carolina declared them the official state snack. The reasoning was simple, with the General Assembly calling them “a delicious and popular snack food” and a “truly Southern delicacy.” They’re pretty much exactly what they sound like, but if you’re picturing a sopping wet version of a traditional roasted peanut, fear not — the peanuts are boiled from a raw, green state, and end up with a texture similar to edamame. Boiled peanuts are believed to have been brought to America by African slaves before the Civil War, and are considered an important part of South Carolina’s culture and history.

Tasty jelly cubes in bowls.
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Utah: Jell-O

Although it wasn’t invented in and isn’t made in Utah, Jell-O has been the official snack of the Beehive State since 2001. Utahns are known to consume more Jell-O per capita than anywhere else in the U.S., even rallying to take back the title when Iowa surpassed their consumption in 1999. The state’s reasons for honoring the jiggly gelatin dessert are endearingly wholesome, including it being “representative of good family fun, which Utah is known for throughout the world.” During the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics, an enamel pin shaped like a bowl of green Jell-O became an official souvenir, and is now a coveted collector’s item.

Nebraska: Kool-Aid

In 1998, Nebraska reclaimed a part of its heritage by naming Kool-Aid the official state soft drink. The sweet, fruit-flavored beverage was invented in Hastings in 1927 by Edwin E. Perkins. It was originally invented as a syrupy liquid called Fruit-Smack, but, inspired by Jell-O, Perkins found a way to turn it into a powder, making it into the Kool-Aid drink crystals most widely known today. Although production was moved out of state shortly thereafter, Nebraska still proudly calls Kool-Aid theirs. The now-iconic Kool-Aid Man mascot once had his footprints immortalized in cement on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, but they were rightfully returned to their Hastings home, and now, every August, attendees of the annual Kool-Aid Days Festival can visit the piece of history as well as the original Kool-Aid Factory and even a Kool-Aid Museum.

Homemade Southern fried chicken with biscuits and mashed potatoes.
Credit: Brent Hofacker/ Shutterstock

Oklahoma: An Entire Southern Meal

Why have a state snack when you can have a whole meal? In 1988, the 41st Oklahoma Legislature named a plateful of Southern home-cooked staples as the official state meal. So just what will you get in this state-sanctioned feast? Well, you sure won’t go hungry: Barbecue pork, sausage and gravy, chicken fried steak, fried okra, squash, black-eyed peas, grits, corn, biscuits, cornbread, strawberries, and pecan pie. Phew! The meal was assembled to reflect the state’s cultural backgrounds and its agriculture businesses, and officials from the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, the Oklahoma Wheat Commission, the Oklahoma Pork Council, the Oklahoma Beef Commission, and even the Oklahoma Restaurant Association weighed in on the dish. Louisiana is the only other state to have also designated an official meal in 2015, although it is specific to the northern part of the state.

Indiana: Hoosier Pie

Since 2009, sugar cream pie — aka Hoosier Pie — has been the official state pie of Indiana. The earliest recipe first appeared in the state in 1816 (the same year the state was founded) and is believed to have originated with the Shaker or Amish communities. The delectable, custard-like pie consists of creamed butter, maple or brown sugar, and vanilla-flavored cream. It was also informally known as desperation pie because it could be made year-round and not rely on seasonal ingredients, but on items already often found in a pantry (which was also a reason the dessert sustained its popularity throughout generations). Hoosier Pie is so deeply ingrained in Indiana’s culinary heritage that there is even a “Hoosier Pie Trail,” a journey throughout the state with stops at 20 noteworthy spots along the way.

New Mexican biscochitos, cookies made for Christmas.
Credit: Nancy Wiechec/ iStock

New Mexico: Biscochito

New Mexico was the first place to name an official state cookie. The biscochito (or bizcochito) was given the designation in 1989 in an effort to ensure that traditional recipes continued to be handed down and made in homes throughout the state. The crisp, buttery cookie, flavored with cinnamon and anise, originated with the 16th century Spanish settlers, and has become a mainstay not only in day-to-day life, but at celebrations in the state, from weddings, to baptisms, and (especially) Christmas. The only other state that has adopted an official state cookie is Massachusetts, who honored the invention of the original Toll House chocolate chip cookie.

Alabama: Lane Cake

It’s been around since the 1800s, but until Alabama native Harper Lee wrote about it in her famous 1960 novel “To Kill a Mockingbird,” Lane cake was a lesser-known regional dessert. There are several variations on the multi-level layered cake, but the filling rarely strays from the mixture of pecans, coconut, whiskey-soaked raisins, sugar, eggs, and butter. The recipe — and cake’s namesake — originated with Emma Rylander Lane, who even won a Clayton, Ala. county fair baking competition with it in 1898. The cake became a point of Alabama pride following its appearance in “Mockingbird,” elevating the sticky-sweet dessert to a Southern staple and, eventually, the official state dessert in 2015.

A delicious plate of deep fried calamari.
Credit: grandriver/ iStock

Rhode Island: Calamari

Calamari’s chewy texture may make it somewhat of an acquired taste, but not for Rhode Island — in 2014, the Ocean State named the squid dish its official state appetizer. Rep. Joseph McNamara and Senator Susan Sosnowski sponsored the bill in a bid to highlight the importance of the state’s fishing and food and tourism industries, and the Fishermen’s Alliance president Richard Fuka eagerly agreed, saying that “squid is to Rhode Island what the potato is to Idaho.” Rhode Island lays claim to being the squid capital of the Northeast, accounting for 54 percent of the supply in the region and more of the aquatic creature being brought to shore than any other type of seafood.

Maine: Whoopie Pie

Though the whoopie pie originated as a Pennsylvanian Amish tradition, the cakey frosting sandwich has become a New England classic, and in 2011, it became Maine’s official state treat. Yes, treat — not dessert. Though the bill that was initially passed did indeed name the chocolate goodie as the official state dessert, it was quickly amended to specify it was merely a treat after public outcry demanded the official state dessert designation belonged to blueberry pie — with wild Maine blueberries, of course. The whoopie pie exploded in popularity in the late 2000s, appearing in grocery store aisles and specialty bakeries alike across the country.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

Original photo by Aakash Dhage/ Unsplash+

Sound pervades our experience — so much so that we’re never without it. Even in the quietest, most soundproofed chambers, the decibels of our heartbeat and our breath reach our ears. However, sound isn’t as simple as it may seem. It’s not as substantive as things we touch, but it can still elicit deep emotion and even physical pain. These six amazing facts will make you rethink what you know about sound and the role it plays in your life.

Headphones under water symbolizing sound.
Credit: darksoul72/ Shutterstock

Sound Travels Faster in Water Than in Air

If you’ve ever heard your own echo, you know the speed of sound is pretty fast — around 761 miles per hour. But because sound is created via vibrations through a medium, that medium can influence a sound’s speed. In water, the speed of sound is much faster, clocking in at a whopping 3,355 mph. That’s because denser materials have more neighboring particles that can bump into one another and carry sound, and water has 800 times more particles than air. This is especially useful for animals like the blue whale, whose call at 180 decibels is louder than a jet plane and can travel up to 1,000 miles. However, 3,355 mph is by no means sound’s speed limit. When traveling through a diamond, the hardest material on Earth (which means lots of particles), sound travels at an incredible 40,000 miles per hour.

A bright comet approaching to planet Earth in space.
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Technically You Can Transmit Sound in Outer Space (Just Not Very Far)

The tagline for the 1979 film Alien is pretty scientifically accurate: “In space, no one can hear you scream.” Because space is a near-perfect vacuum, very few particles fill its immense void. To put that into perspective, a coffee mug filled with “outer space” would contain only 300 particles. Fill that same mug with air from Earth, and it’d hold 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 particles. And since sound needs a medium to travel, it’s true that no one would hear you scream in space. But that doesn’t mean sound can’t travel in space at all — it just can’t travel very far. In a 2023 study at the University of Jyväskylä in Finland, scientists “tunneled” sound between two crystals across an extremely short distance in a vacuum (like the length of one sound wave). So while space is certainly inhospitable to sound, it can exist in some very specific instances.

Doctor with human Ear anatomy model.
Credit: Jo Panuwat D/ Shutterstock

The Body’s Smallest Bones Help Transform Sound Into Electrical Signals

The human ear is a wonder of biological engineering that uses membranes, fluids, hairlike stereocilia, and very tiny bones to transform sound into electrical signals that our brain can interpret. It all starts when a sound vibrates the membrane separating the inner and outer ear, called the eardrum, which then employs your body’s smallest bones to transfer that energy into waves in fluid located in the cochlea (a spiral-shaped cavity in the inner ear). These three bones — the malleus, incus, and stapes — are known as the ossicles and are incredibly small. (The stapes, the smallest of them all, only reaches a height of 3.5 millimeters and a width of about 2.4 millimeters.) Once the ossicles create these vibrations in the cochlea, hairlike stereocilia transform these waves into electrical signals and send them along our auditory nerve. This whole process takes around 10 milliseconds to complete.

Close-up of a decibel meter.
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Sound in Air Technically Can’t Be Louder Than 194 Decibels

Scientists measure sound using decibels (named in honor of telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell), which is the measure of sound pressure in a medium. Because the decibel system is a logarithmic scale, something that is 20 decibels (such as a ticking watch) isn’t twice as loud as something that’s 10 decibels (breathing) — it’s actually 10 times as loud. While the human ear begins experiencing auditory pain at around 125 decibels, being exposed to lower decibel levels for longer periods of time can be just as damaging. At 194 decibels, you’re hearing a truly ear-splitting noise; beyond that threshold, sound traveling through air stops technically being sound. When a sound gets too loud, the wave itself essentially creates ambient air pressure that forms a vacuum. This transforms sound into more of a shock wave and less of a sound wave. To use a dramatic example, in 1883 an Indonesian volcano called Krakatoa erupted, creating the loudest “sound” in recorded history at an estimated 310 decibels. The resulting shock wave traveled around the world four times before finally dissipating.

A cowboy at sunset standing on rock and cracking a whip.
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Whips Crack Because They’re Breaking the Sound Barrier

On October 14, 1947, Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in the X-1 aircraft, but humans have actually been breaking the sound barrier since Roman times — they just weren’t sitting in a cockpit. Whips have been around for thousands of years, and their telltale (and terrifying) crack is actually the sound of the whip breaking the sound barrier. When someone cracks a whip, the motion travels the length of the whip and quickly speeds it up. Scientists used to think the whip’s tip broke the sound barrier, but research in 2002 showed that it was actually a loop traveling the length of the whip that produced the deafening crack. But you don’t need to be Indiana Jones to pull off this impressive feat of acoustic physics; cotton bedsheets have also been known to produce sonic booms of their own.

Close-up of hands tapping on a microphone.
Credit: Olga Zakharova/ iStock

Some People Can Actually “See” Sound

For most people, sound is a strictly auditory experience, but for some with a condition known as synesthesia, sounds are a much more visual thing. Broadly speaking, synesthesia (which in Greek means “perceive together”) simply means experiencing one sense alongside another. So you might see a word but taste a type of food, or hear a sound but also see a color. This is largely caused by two different parts of the brain being activated by the same stimuli. Of course, these experiences are internal to the mind and not an accurate representation of sound’s physical properties. The cause of synesthesia is genetic — in 2018, researchers from the University of Amsterdam identified specific genes that make some predisposed to this sensory mix-up by creating “hyper-connected neurons.” While some with synesthesia report having trouble focusing due to these misfiring stimuli, most live healthy and happy lives — and even say their synesthesia gives them a richer experience of the world.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by sint/ Shutterstock

Rain — and by extension the Earth’s water cycle — is an essential planetary process that makes all life possible. Rain supports crops, fills lakes, and tops off reservoirs. And because salt remains behind during evaporation, rain is also a major source of fresh water. Here are six fascinating facts about rain to provide some new perspective when the next rainy day comes your way.

A view of the landscape of Sachem Village after rain.
Credit: Yinan Zhang/ 500px via Getty Images

The Smell of Rain After a Dry Spell Has a Name

Water itself is odorless, of course, but rain, particularly after a dry spell, produces a pleasant, earthy scent, known as “petrichor.” The word is a combination of two Greek words — petros, meaning “stone,” and ichor, referring to the mythological fluid that fills the veins of the Greek gods. This name is actually an apt description for where the smell originates, because when rain hits porous soil or rock, microorganisms called actinobacteria release an organic compound called geosmin into the air, which contributes to the odor we associate with petrichor. Humans are better at sniffing out this compound than sharks are at smelling blood in water, and some scientists theorize that this particular nasal sensitivity helped our hunter-gatherer ancestors find water sources.

Transparent umbrella under heavy rain against water drops.
Credit: Julia_Sudnitskaya/ iStock via Getty Images Plus

Nearly All Rain Starts as Snow

What we perceive as rain is actually water vapor at the end of a long journey. Precipitation forms when water vapor condenses into water droplets along the surface of certain aerosols that serve as “condensation nuclei.” As these droplets begin their journey toward Earth, they often freeze to form ice crystals at high altitudes, falling as snow. It’s only when the snow meets warmer air at lower elevations that the precipitation becomes hail or rain. (Freezing rain occurs when snow meets a pocket of warm air, melts, and then encounters freezing temperatures near the surface. Because the precipitation doesn’t have time to reform as snow, the rain instead freezes on contact with the ground, creating one of the most dangerous types of wintry conditions.)

A view of the Dry Valley in Antarctica.
Credit: Dale Lorna Jacobsen/ Shutterstock

There’s a Place in Antarctica Where It Never Rains

The largest desert in the world isn’t the Sahara, the Arabian, or the Gobi. In fact, those three deserts combined don’t make up the entire surface area of the Antarctic polar desert. (Although many of us associate deserts with sand dunes and cacti, they’re actually categorized as such based on their arid climates.) Antarctica as a whole receives very little precipitation, but the driest place by far is an area called the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Thanks to a phenomenon known as katabatic wind, which occurs when gravity pulls cold, dense mountain air downhill, this extremely parched region likely hasn’t seen any rain for an estimated 2 million years. In part because of this, though, it serves as a good analog for the Martian surface, a planet-wide desert in its own right that hasn’t seen precipitation in billions of years.

The rocky surface of the planet Venus, showing clouds of sulphuric acid obscuring the Sun.
Credit: Science Photo Library/ Alamy Stock Photo

The Rain on Venus Is Sulfuric Acid

Mars might be dry as a bone, but Earth’s other planetary neighbor is another story. Thanks to large amounts of sulfur dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere, the planet experiences precipitation in the form of extremely corrosive sulfuric acid. Acids and bases are measured by the pH scale, with “0” being a strong acid and “14” being a strong base. Earth’s rain, for example, typically has a slightly acidic pH of around 5.6, but during powerful volcanic eruptions, as more sulfur dioxide is injected into the atmosphere, the resulting acid rain can have a pH as low as 2.5 (similar to vinegar). The acid rain on Venus, meanwhile, is estimated to have a pH of 1 or even lower, which is extremely hostile to any sort of life. Of course, this rain never actually reaches the planet’s surface, which is a roiling 900 degrees Fahrenheit. (Sulfuric acid evaporates at around 572 degrees Fahrenheit.) In any case, you should probably scratch Venus off of your solar system bucket list.

Woman hand with umbrella in the rain.
Credit: A3pfamily/ Shutterstock

Raindrops Don’t Look Tear-Shaped At All

When kids draw raindrops, they’re often big, blue, and tear-shaped. In reality, however, a raindrop doesn’t look anything like a tear. While hovering in clouds, water droplets take on a spherical shape. As a droplet increases in size, it eventually falls to Earth, colliding with other droplets along the way. The bottom of the water droplet faces wind resistance as air also rushes past its sides, forming a jelly bean shape (though NASA describes it as a hamburger bun). Then, when the raindrop grows to about 4 millimeters in diameter, the pressure from the wind resistance flattens the droplet even further into a thin, umbrella shape before it eventually splits it into smaller spherical droplets. This may seem like a nitpicky fact, but knowing the exact shape of raindrops helps radar instruments on orbiting satellites monitor precipitation levels more accurately.

Drenching downpour rain storm water is overflowing off the tile shingle roof.
Credit: Willowpix/ iStock

1 Inch of Rain on 1 Acre of Land Weighs More Than 100 Tons

One inch of rain may not sound like a lot — especially when you consider that some places get more than 460 inches of rain per year — but all that water adds up. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), 1 inch of rain over 1 acre of land is equal to 27,154 gallons and weighs around 113 tons. To put that into perspective, 1 square mile contains 640 acres, which means 1 inch of rain in 1 square mile is more than 17 million gallons of water. If you continue to scale up, 1 inch of rain over the entire United States is equal to more than 61 trillion gallons.

The stats are even more mind-boggling when you consider that the contiguous U.S., for example, experiences enough rain in one year to cover the entire Lower 48 in 30 inches of water — which works out to 1,430 cubic miles of water weighing approximately 6.6 billion tons. By some accounts, an average of 1 billion tons of rain falls on the Earth every minute.

Of course, this could shift with climate change. A warmer planet means more water will evaporate in the atmosphere, and that extra moisture could lead to more frequent “heavy precipitation,” which causes soil erosion and increases flood risk. Heavy precipitation doesn’t necessarily mean areas will see an increase of average rainfall; rather, it refers to the nature and intensity of dramatic, storm-filled events. Like so many of Earth’s natural processes, rain will not escape the reality of our warming world.

Darren Orf
Writer

Darren Orf lives in Portland, has a cat, and writes about all things science and climate. You can find his previous work at Popular Mechanics, Inverse, Gizmodo, and Paste, among others.

Original photo by Olga_Gavrilova/ iStock

You probably know many famous European landmarks, such as Big Ben in London (technically called Elizabeth Tower), the Eiffel Tower in Paris, and the Colosseum in Rome. Yet Europe has a lot more to offer, including lesser-known geographical features and astounding geographical facts — like the five below. They just might change the way you look at the continent.

Scenic open window view of the Mediterranean Sea from a luxury resort room.
Credit: Kirk Fisher/ iStock

The Mediterranean Sea Was Once a Desert

If you’ve spent any time on the shores of the Mediterranean, you might find it hard to believe the picturesque seascape was once a desert. Scientists believe the sea dried up about 5 million years ago as a result of upward movement by the Earth’s crust. This movement caused the Straits of Gibraltar to act as a dam and seal off the Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean. This epoch is also referred to as “The Messinian Salinity Crisis.” Before the sea was blocked off, saltwater from the Atlantic rushed into the sea and couldn’t escape. When the water dried up, layers of salt created a mile-high salt wall, and all sea life died.

A political map of the World.
Credit: M-Production/ Shutterstock

Europe Is Larger Than Australia

Maps distort our perception of the world, especially in terms of country and continent size, because it’s difficult to project the circular globe onto a flat surface with total accuracy. For example, the common Mercator map has been criticized for exaggerating the size of countries closer to the poles, while downplaying the size of countries and continents closer to the equator. When you look at the map, Australia appears quite large, making Europe the obvious candidate for the “Smallest Continent Award.” To be fair, Australia is a large landmass (it would qualify as the largest island in the world if it wasn’t a continent), yet Europe is larger than Australia by about 30%.

Colorful houses in Saqqaq village, western Greenland.
Credit: Olga_Gavrilova/ iStock

Greenland Is Not Its Own Country

The days of Spanish exploration, the Great British empire, and European geographic colonization are gone, with many countries fighting for independence from their motherland. Yet, some overseas territories still do exist, and Greenland is one of them. Technically, Greenland is an autonomous territory of Denmark, and also the world’s largest island — three times the size of Texas.

Young man with backpack exploring Europe's last rainforest Perucica in National park Sutjeska.
Credit: AleksandarPhotograpy/ Shutterstock

Europe Has a Rainforest

The thought of a rainforest conjures up images of gorgeous, endless flora and fauna found in the Amazon and other tropical locations; it’s likely Europe doesn’t cross your mind when you hear the term. Yet if you travel to Bosnia and Herzegovina, you will find Perucica, a rainforest and one of two remaining old-growth forests in Europe. The forest lies within Sutjeska National Park and remains protected. Nicknamed “the Lungs of Europe,” Perucica is home to more than 170 species of trees and bushes, including beech, fir, spruce, and mountain maple, as well as more than 1,000 species of herbaceous plants. Visitors especially enjoy the panoramic views from Vidikovac, a lookout point for Skakavac Waterfall, which falls 246 feet into a forest-covered valley.

The mount Etna Volcano with smoke and the Catania city.
Credit: Alberto Masnovo/ Shutterstock

Europe Is Home to the Second-Most Active Volcano in the World

Mt. Etna, located in Sicily, is the second-most active volcano in the world behind Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano. Etna has regular volcanic ash eruptions but hasn’t had a major eruption since the winter of 2008 and 2009. In 2013, Mt. Etna made the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. Those who visit undoubtedly want to hike to the craters, which can be accessed from the north and south side of Mt. Etna with an experienced tour guide. When Etna’s activity isn’t high or causing earthquakes, adventure seekers can explore the volcano’s ancient lava flows, caves, and active fumaroles as they hike along the sides of the volcano.

Interesting Facts
Editorial

Interesting Facts writers have been seen in Popular Mechanics, Mental Floss, A+E Networks, and more. They’re fascinated by history, science, food, culture, and the world around them.

Original photo by Science History Images/ Alamy Stock Photo

Last year marked the 50th anniversary of the death of Pablo Picasso, one of the world’s most famous artists. You may have seen images of his iconic works — perhaps “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon” from 1907, with five naked women done in his angular Cubist style, or “Guernica” from 1937, a nightmarish scramble of horses, bulls, and people ravaged by war. Neither painting suggests a calm soul. Yet Picasso had an indelible impact on both the art world and pop culture. Here are five facts about one of the most fascinating lives of the 20th century.

Pablo Picasso portrayed while decorating with paint and paintbrush one of his ceramic dishes.
Credit: Archivio Cameraphoto Epoche/ Hulton Archive via Getty Images

Picasso Chose to Use His Mother’s Surname

Born in Malaga, Spain, in 1881, the artist was baptized Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano María de los Remedios de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso. Such long names were common in the Andalusia region of Spain, where they might include the names of saints and relatives.

“Picasso” was his mother’s surname, but he didn’t choose it for feminist reasons. According to the book Conversations with Picasso, by the photographer Brassaï, Picasso said that he liked the double “s,” which was not common in Spain. He noted that Matisse, Poussin, and Le Douanier Rousseau, three other painters, also had a double “s” in their surnames. “And the name a person bears or adopts has its importance,” Picasso noted.

Pablo Picasso with his Dog, 1961.
Credit: Science History Images/ Alamy Stock Photo

He Loved Doves and Dogs

Picasso’s father bred doves and the artist loved the birds, naming his second daughter Paloma, which is Spanish for dove.

In his lifetime, he also owned dogs of many breeds, big and small — from terriers and poodles to a Great Pyrenees. His most famous pet was Lump, a dachshund. The photographer David Douglas Duncan brought Lump with him on a visit to one of Picasso’s mansions, Villa La Californie, in 1957, and the two bonded. Lump refused to leave, and Picasso painted a portrait of him that same day. Duncan took many photos of the artist and the dog, including one in which Lump stands on Picasso’s lap to eat off his plate. The pair were together for six years, and though Duncan later took Lump back, Picasso and the dog ended up dying within a week of each other.

Le château de Picasso à Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.
Credit: Bruno DE HOGUES/ Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images

Picasso Bought Land in Honor of Cézanne

Picasso admired the French painter Paul Cézanne so deeply that in 1958 he bought a chateau and part of the northern face of the mountain in Provence, Sainte-Victoire, that Cezanne had painted so often around the start of the 20th century. He lived in the remote area for three years, escaping from a home in Cannes where he was bothered by tourists hoping to catch a glimpse of him.

Spanish painter Pablo Picasso in Mougins, France.
Credit: RALPH GATTI/ AFP via Getty Images

Picasso Died Rich, But Without a Will

Great artists do not infrequently die poor (two examples are Vincent Van Gogh and Johannes Vermeer). As a young man, Picasso had to burn his own paintings to keep his apartment warm. But he won acclaim during his lifetime, and owned five properties when he died at the age of 91 in a 35-room mansion, Notre Dame de Vie.

When a court-appointed auditor evaluated the assets in his estate, which included thousands of his own paintings, drawings, and sculptures, their possible value came to a range that, adjusted for inflation, would be more than $500 million to more than $1 billion today. Because he did not have a will and had illegitimate children, the legal battle was complex. His heirs fought for years over the estate and the right to use his name.

Spanish painter Pablo Picasso (1881 - 1973) in his villa 'La Californie' at Cannes.
Credit: George Stroud/ Hulton Archive via Getty Images

Picasso Was Known for Wearing a Striped Shirt

Picasso was famously photographed wearing a striped shirt that had deep roots in France. In 1858, the French navy established a white pullover with indigo blue horizontal stripes as its uniform — the stripes are said to have made seamen easier to spot if they fell overboard. It became known as the “Breton shirt,” as it was made in the region of Brittany (Bretagne in French). The shirt later became a fashion staple: Designer Coco Chanel released a nautical collection, including the shirt, in 1917, and by 1937 John Wayne sported one in a movie, followed by icons including James Dean and Cary Grant.

Temma Ehrenfeld
Writer

Temma Ehrenfeld has written for a range of publications, from the Wall Street Journal and New York Times to science and literary magazines.

Original photo by Kym MacKinnon/ Unsplash

The moon has long captured our imaginations. It’s embedded deep in mythology around the world, and even became the first calendar for many ancient people. But our connection to the moon goes even deeper — its symbiotic relationship with the planet Earth is unique within the solar system, and without it, we might not even exist. These 10 facts about our nearest lunar neighbor just might deepen your appreciation for Earth’s one and only natural satellite.

Pluto, Discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh.
Credit: QAI Publishing/ Universal Images Group via Getty Images

The Moon Is Bigger Than Pluto

If you were in grade school before 2006, when the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto, you may still think of it as a full-fledged planet. While the classification isn’t, technically, entirely about size, it’s hard to overstate just how itty-bitty Pluto is. Its radius is only about 715 miles, compared to a mean radius for the moon of about 1,080 miles.

Some other moons even outrank full-fledged planets, size-wise. Our solar system’s two largest moons, Jupiter’s Ganymede and Saturn’s Titan, are both larger than Mercury!

Earth and the Moon 3d rendering from space.
Credit: 3000ad/ Shutterstock

The Moon Is 27% the Size of Earth

While Earth’s moon is only the fifth-largest moon in the solar system, everything changes when we grade on a curve: At more than a quarter the size of Earth, our moon is, by far, the biggest when compared to its planet. According to NASA, if the Earth were a nickel, the moon would be the size of a coffee bean.

This gives our moon an outsize influence on our planet compared to others, in ways that almost seem magic — but are very much real.

Warning Sign "Danger Strong Current" at the beach.
Credit: LisaInGlasses/ iStock

The Moon Causes the Tides to Change

Not only does the moon influence the tides, but we wouldn’t even have tides without the moon. Its gravitational pull tugs up the water on the sides of the Earth facing and opposite the moon. This action is called tidal force. The moon’s gravity also affects land, but not nearly as much as water.

Forces besides the moon influence tidal patterns, too. Since the Earth isn’t entirely covered in water, land masses can affect how dramatic the tides get. The sun can have its own effects on tides, too, although it’s not as noticeable until the sun, moon, and Earth line up for a new moon or a full moon, causing tides to get much bigger.

Rock formations in front of a full moon in the sky.
Credit: Kym MacKinnon/ Unsplash

The Moon Helps Stabilize Earth

The moon’s unique relationship with the Earth, it turns out, is crucial for preventing and slowing major, deadly climate shifts — at least the naturally occurring ones. The moon’s large mass helps keep Earth from tilting too quickly, preventing the kind of wobbles that created dramatic climate conditions on Mars. It could be that larger moons are one of the factors a planet needs to create and sustain life.

Fresh cheese with fork on a wooden table.
Credit: New Africa/ Shutterstock

The “Moon Is Made of Cheese” Myth Is a Millenia-Old Joke

Today, the idea of the moon being made of cheese is a deeply -embedded fanciful trope appearing in everything from children’s books to B-movies to tasty snacks. It’s central to the premise of the Wallace and Gromit cartoon “A Grand Day Out.” But where did this cutesy reference to the moon’s appearance come from?

There’s no evidence of a widespread historical belief that the moon was actually made of cheese. Its origins lie in various folktales passed down in many cultures’ oral traditions. In some, a fox tricks a wolf into believing the reflection of the moon in a well is cheese, which convinces him to dive in. In others, it’s a human simpleton who dives into the well. The Aarne-Thompson Index, a folktale classification system, even has specific listings for “the Wolf Dives Into the Water to Eat Reflected Cheese” (34) and “Diving for Cheese” (1336). Variations of these myths appear all over the world, from the Zulu Kingdom to the Scottish Highlands. Typically, the person or creature thinking the moon is cheese is the butt of the joke.

“The Moon Is Made of Green Cheese” (referring to the freshness of the cheese, not its color) evolved into a figure of speech describing an easily duped person (think “I have a bridge to sell you”) as early as 1546, when it appeared in a proverb by English writer John Heywood. The trope remained incredibly common for centuries to come.

The term has also been used as a variation of “when pigs fly,” as in German playwright Bertolt Brecht’s play Good Person of Szechwan.

Close-up of the Moon surface.
Credit: Helen_Field/ iStock

The Moon Is Deeply Scarred From Asteroids and Comets

Celestial bodies crash into the moon all the time, creating its somewhat chaotic surface. Often, these meteors are the size of a speck of dust, but larger collisions are not uncommon. During the 2019 total supermoon eclipse, casual observers and professionals alike caught the tiny flash of a meteoric impact, which caused an explosion roughly equivalent to 1.7 tons of TNT.

Debris that size hits the moon roughly once a week, and NASA’s Lunar Resistance Orbiter has tracked more than two dozen new impact craters since 2009. The lunar proximity to Earth means the same stuff that’s hitting the moon is whizzing past us, too — but without an atmosphere, the moon is much more vulnerable.

Of course, the bigger scars are from bigger impacts, and we’re still seeing some of those today. In 2014, Spanish astronomers observed an 800-pound meteorite crash into the moon’s surface. Researchers with the Southwest Research Institute, University of Toronto, and University of Southampton were able to date some of the moon’s larger craters in 2019, and later created a one-minute visualization of their research with music that corresponds to each impact.

Pilot stands beside an American flag placed on the moon during Apollo 11.
Credit: Bettmann via Getty Images

12 People Have Walked on the Moon

The most famous moonwalkers are probably the first two, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, who made their historic mission in 1969. But that was just the first of many crewed lunar landings in the Apollo program over a three-year period. All together, 12 people have walked on the moon so far. But nobody has set foot there since Apollo 17 in 1972 — and so far, only American white men have had the opportunity.

Another 12 astronauts reached the moon without walking on it, including the crews of Apollo 8 and Apollo 10, which orbited the moon without landing. Others were on later missions, but had different tasks, like Michael Collins, who stayed in orbit 60 miles above the moon during Apollo 11, making sure they could all get home safely, while Armstrong and Aldrin went to the surface.

Mike Walmetz demonstrates the position of the earth and the moon during a lunar eclipse.
Credit: Three Lions/ Hulton Archive via Getty Images

Scientists Think a Collision of Two Planets Created the Earth and Moon

While there are many theories regarding its origins, the most widely accepted one is that the moon arose after a protoplanet approximately the size of modern Mars crashed into the Earth about 4.5 billion years ago, knocking loose debris from both bodies that would gradually become the moon. New research (as of 2021) proposes that there were actually two impacts: one extremely fast one that knocked the material away, and another slower one that helped merge the debris.

Blend of short and long exposures to bring out the faint Earthshine on the dark side of the Moon.
Credit: VW Pics/ Universal Images Group via Getty Images

The Moon Is Darker-Looking on the Earth Side

You’ve heard the phrase “the dark side of the moon,” referring to the side that’s not facing Earth. Technically, the sun shines on both sides of the moon — but the majority of those dark, mottled patches — actually expanses of solidified lava called lunar seas, or maria — are on the near side. At more than 1,600 miles wide, Oceanus Procellarum, or Ocean of Storms, on the western edge of the near moon, is the largest of them all.

These vast plains of basalt come from volcanic activity, but the exact mechanism of their formation is still being studied. Some were created or at least helped along by asteroid impacts, but that’s not the whole story either, since similar hits typically don’t get the same reaction on the far side.

This isn’t to say that the far side is pristine. It’s heavily pockmarked with impact craters.

Night sky with full moon, clouds and stars.
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The Man in the Moon Comes From Lunar Seas

There are many lunar seas smaller than the Ocean of Storms, and several of these, along with brighter lunar highlands, make up the face that some people in the Northern Hemisphere see on the surface of the full moon.

Your mileage may vary depending on where you live and how your brain sees things, but usually the Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity) is one of the eyes. The other eye is formed by the Mare Imbrium, or Sea of Showers, immediately to the west.

The nose, appropriately, is not a mare, but a sinus, or bay: Sinus Aestuum, or Bay of Seething. The mouth, which is open to interpretation but sometimes described as “grinning,” is a combination of Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds) and Mare Cognitum (Sea That Has Become Known). In the Southern Hemisphere, the moon is flipped vertically, and many people see the Northern Hemisphere “face” as a rabbit. But some see a more joyful little face, too: Mare Frigoris, or Sea of Cold, could be seen as a much more defined grin.

Sarah Anne Lloyd
Writer

Sarah Anne Lloyd is a freelance writer whose work covers a bit of everything, including politics, design, the environment, and yoga. Her work has appeared in Curbed, the Seattle Times, the Stranger, the Verge, and others.